Constantine the Great ROME COMMEMORATIVE Ancient Roman Coin Soldiers i31562

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Item: i31562

 

Authentic Ancient

Coin of:

Constantine I ‘The Great’- Roman Emperor: 307-337 A.D. –

ROME CITY COMMEMORATIVE
Bronze AE4 16mm (1.50 grams) Struck at the mint of Constantinople 337-340 A.D.

Reference: RIC 154 (VII, Constantinopolis)
VRBS ROMA, helmeted, mantled bust of Roma left.
GLORIAEXERCITVS Exe: CONSЄ – Two soldiers standing either side of a standard.

* Numismatic Note: This coin commemorates Rome as in VRBS ROMA with the
personification of Rome on the front, connected to the a similar series
commemorating the new capital of the Roman empire, Constantinople.

You are bidding on the exact item pictured,

provided with a Certificate of Authenticity and Lifetime Guarantee of

Authenticity.

Standards


Roman military standards. The standards with discs, or signa
(first three on left) belong to centuriae of the
legion (the image does not show the heads of the standards – whether
spear-head or wreathed-palm). Note (second from right) the
legion’s
aquila
. The standard on the
extreme right probably portrays the
She-wolf
(lupa) which fed
Romulus
, the legendary founder of
Rome. (This was the emblem of
Legio VI Ferrata
, a legion then
based in
Judaea
, a detachment of which is
known to have fought in Dacia). Detail from Trajan’s Column, Rome


Modern reenactors parade with replicas of various legionary
standards. From left to right: signum (spear-head type), with
four discs; signum (wreathed-palm type), with six discs;
imago
of ruling emperor; legionary aquila; vexillum
of commander (legatus) of
Legio XXX Ulpia Victrix
, with
embroidered name and emblem (Capricorn) of legion

Each tactical unit in the imperial army, from centuria upwards, had
its own standard. This consisted of a pole with a variety of adornments that was
borne by dedicated standard-bearers who normally held the rank of duplicarius.
Military standards had the practical use of communicating to unit members where
the main body of the unit was situated, so that they would not be separated, in
the same way that modern tour-group guides use umbrellas or flags. But military
standards were also invested with a mystical quality, representing the divine
spirit (genius) of the unit and were revered as such (soldiers frequently
prayed before their standards). The loss of a unit’s standard to the enemy was
considered a terrible stain on the unit’s honour, which could only be fully
expunged by its recovery.

The standard of a centuria was known as a signum, which was
borne by the unit’s signifer. It consisted of a pole topped by either an
open palm of a human hand or by a spear-head. The open palm, it has been
suggested, originated as a symbol of the
maniple
(manipulus = “handful”), the
smallest tactical unit in the
Roman army of the mid-Republic
. The poles were
adorned with two to six silver discs (the significance of which is uncertain).
In addition, the pole would be adorned by a variety of cross-pieces (including,
at bottom, a crescent-moon symbol and a tassel). The standard would also
normally sport a cross-bar with tassels.

The standard of a Praetorian cohort or an auxiliary cohort or ala was
known as a vexillum
or banner. This was a square flag,
normally red in colour, hanging from a crossbar on the top of the pole. Stitched
on the flag would be the name of the unit and/or an image of a god. An exemplar
found in Egypt bears an image of the goddess Victory on a red background. The
vexillum
was borne by a vexillarius. A legionary detachment (vexillatio)
would also have its own vexillum. Finally, a vexillum
traditionally marked the commander’s position on the battlefield.[194]
The exception to the red colour appears to have been the Praetorian Guard, whose
vexilla, similar to their clothing, favoured a blue background.

From the time of
Marius
(consul 107 BC), the standard of all
legions was the
aquila
(“eagle”). The pole was surmounted
by a sculpted eagle of solid gold, or at least gold-plated silver, carrying
thunderbolts in its claws (representing
Jupiter
, the highest Roman god. Otherwise the
pole was unadorned. No exemplar of a legionary eagle has ever been found
(doubtless because any found in later centuries were melted down for their gold
content).
The eagle was borne by the aquilifer, the legion’s most senior
standard-bearer. So important were legionary eagles as symbols of Roman military
prestige and power, that the imperial government would go to extraordinary
lengths to recover those captured by the enemy. This would include launching
full-scale invasions of the enemy’s territory, sometimes decades after the
eagles had been lost e.g. the expedition in 28 BC by
Marcus Licinius Crassus
against
Genucla
(Isaccea, near modern
Tulcea
, Rom., in the Danube delta region), a
fortress of the Getae
, to recover standards lost 33 years
earlier by
Gaius Antonius
, an earlier
proconsul
of
Macedonia
.
Or the campaigns of AD 14-17 to recover the three eagles lost by
Varus
in AD 6 in the
Teutoburg Forest
.

Under Augustus, it became the practice for legions to carry portraits (imagines)
of the ruling emperor and his immediate family members. An imago was
usually a bronze bust carried on top of a pole like a standard by an
imaginifer
.

From around the time of Hadrian (r. 117-38), some auxiliary alae
adopted the dragon-standard (draco) commonly carried by Sarmatian cavalry
squadrons. This was a long cloth wind-sock attached to an ornate sculpture of an
open dragon’s mouth. When the bearer (draconarius) was galloping, it
would make a strong hissing-sound.

Decorations

The Roman army awarded a variety of individual decorations (dona) for
valour to its legionaries. Hasta pura was a miniature spear; phalerae
were large medal-like bronze or silver discs worn on the cuirass; armillae
were bracelets worn on the wrist; and

torques
were worn round the neck, or on the cuirass. The highest
awards were the coronae (“crowns”), of which the most prestigious was the
corona civica, a crown made oak-leaves awarded for saving the life of a
fellow Roman citizen in battle. The most valuable award was the corona
muralis
, a crown made of gold awarded to the first man to scale an enemy
rampart. This was awarded rarely, as such a man hardly ever survived.

There is no evidence that auxiliary common soldiers received individual
decorations like legionaries, although auxiliary officers did. Instead, the
whole regiment was honoured by a title reflecting the type of award e.g.
torquata
(“awarded a torque”) or armillata (“awarded bracelets”).
Some regiments would, in the course of time, accumulate a long list of titles
and decorations e.g. cohors I Brittonum Ulpia torquata pia fidelis c.R..

Caesar Flavius Valerius

Aurelius Constantinus Augustus (27 February c. 272

– 22 May 337), commonly known in

English

as Constantine I, Constantine the Great, or (among

Eastern Orthodox

, Coptic Orthodox,

Oriental Orthodox

and

Byzantine Catholic

Christians) Saint Constantine, was

Roman

emperor

from 306, and the undisputed holder of that office from 324 until

his death in 337. Best known for being the first

Christian

Roman emperor, Constantine reversed the

persecutions

of his predecessor,

Diocletian

,

and issued (with his co-emperor

Licinius

)

the Edict of Milan

in 313, which proclaimed

religious toleration

throughout the empire.

The

Byzantine

liturgical calendar, observed by the

Eastern Orthodox Church

and

Eastern Catholic Churches of Byzantine rite

, lists both Constantine and his

mother

Helena

as saints. Although he is not included in the

Latin

Church’s

list of saints, which does recognize several other Constantines as

saints, he is revered under the title “The Great” for his contributions to

Christianity

.

Constantine also transformed the ancient Greek colony of

Byzantium

into a new imperial residence,

Constantinople

, which would remain the capital of the

Byzantine Empire

for over one thousand years.

One of the great Roman emperors, Constantine rose to power when his

father Constantius Chlorus died in the year 306 while campaigning against

Scottish tribes. He later went on to defeat the rival emperor Maxentius in the

decisive battle of Milvian Bridge in 312. He is credited for several great

landmarks in history and is probably best memorialized by the city that bore his

name for hundreds of years: Constantinople. Although now renamed Istanbul, this

city was to be the seat of power for all Byzantine emperors for the next 1100

years. Constantine is also remembered as the first Roman emperor who embraced

Christianity and instituted the buildings and papal dynasty that eventually grew

into what is today the Vatican and the Pope.

The latter part of his life saw his commitment to the church rise in step

with the increasing repression against old-school paganism. He left behind

several sons who would, after his death, turn on each other and generally undo

much of the stability that Constantine had fought so hard to bring about.


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YEAR

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RULER

Constantine I

DENOMINATION

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