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Gordian III –
Roman Emperor
: 238-244 A.D. –
Bronze 26mm (10.71 grams) of
Odessos
in
Thrace
Reference: Varbanov 4605
AVT K M ANT GOPΔIANOC AVΓ CЄ TPANKVΛΛЄINA,
Laureate, draped and cuirassed bust of Gordian III on left facing right
towards diademed draped bust of Tranquillina on right facing left.
OΔHCCЄITΩN, Tyche standing
left, holding rudder on globe and cornucopia; E in field to left.
You are bidding on the exact
item pictured, provided with a Certificate of Authenticity and Lifetime
Guarantee of Authenticity.
Tyche (Greek for luck; the Roman equivalent was
Fortuna
) was the presiding
tutelary deity
that governed the fortune and
prosperity of a city, its destiny. Increasingly during the Hellenistic period,
cities had their own specific iconic version of Tyche, wearing a
mural crown
(a crown like the walls of the
city).
The
Greek historian Polybius
believed that when no cause can be
discovered to events such as floods, droughts, frosts or even in politics, then
the cause of these events may be fairly attributed to Tyche.
Stylianos Spyridakis concisely expressed Tyche’s appeal in a
Hellenistic world of arbitrary violence and unmeaning reverses: "In the
turbulent years of the
Epigoni of Alexander
, an awareness of the
instability of human affairs led people to believe that Tyche, the blind
mistress of Fortune, governed mankind with an inconstancy which explained the
vicissitudes of the time."
In literature, she might be given various genealogies, as a daughter of
Hermes
and
Aphrodite
, or considered as one of the
Oceanids
, daughters of
Oceanus
and
Tethys
, or of
Zeus. She was connected with
Nemesis
and
Agathos Daimon
("good spirit").
She was uniquely venerated at
Itanos
in Crete, as Tyche Protogeneia,
linked with the Athenian
Protogeneia
("firstborn"), daughter of
Erechtheus
, whose self-sacrifice saved the
city.
She had temples at
Caesarea Maritima
,
Antioch
,
Alexandria
and
Constantinople
. In
Alexandria
the Tychaeon, the temple of
Tyche, was described by
Libanius
as one of the most magnificent of the
entire Hellenistic world.
Tyche appears on many
coins
of the Hellenistic period in the three
centuries before the Christian era, especially from cities in the Aegean.
Unpredictable turns of fortune drive the complicated plotlines of
Hellenistic romances
, such as
Leucippe and Clitophon
or
Daphnis and Chloe
. She experienced a
resurgence in another era of uneasy change, the final days of publicly
sanctioned
Paganism
, between the late-fourth-century
emperors
Julian
and
Theodosius I
who definitively closed the
temples. The effectiveness of her capricious power even achieved respectability
in philosophical circles during that generation, though among poets it was a
commonplace to revile her for a fickle harlot.
In medieval art
, she was depicted as carrying a
cornucopia
, an
emblematic
ship’s rudder, and the
wheel of fortune
, or she may stand on the
wheel, presiding over the entire circle of fate.
The constellation of
Virgo
is sometimes identified as the heavenly
figure of Tyche, as well as other goddesses such as
Demeter
and
Astraea
.
The region of ancient
Thrace
was populated by
Thracians
by 1000 BCE.
Miletian
Greeks
founded the apoikia (trading
post) of Odessòs towards the end of the 7th century BC (the earliest Greek
archaeological material is dated 600–575 BCE), or, according to
Pseudo-Scymnus
, in the time of
Astyages
(here, usually 572–570 BCE is
suggested), within an earlier Thracian settlement. The name Odessos was
pre-Greek, arguably of
Carian
origin. A member of the Pontic
Pentapolis
, Odessos was a mixed
community—contact zone between the
Ionian
Greeks
and the
Thracian
tribes (Getae,
Krobyzoi
,
Terizi
) of the
hinterland
. Excavations at nearby Thracian
sites have shown uninterrupted occupation from the 7th to the 4th century and
close commercial relations with the colony. The Greek alphabet has been applied
to inscriptions in
Thracian
since at least the 5th century BCE;
the city worshipped a Thracian great god whose cult survived well into the
Roman
period.
See also:
Derzelas
Odessos was included in the assessment of the
Delian league
of 425 BCE. In 339 BCE, it was
unsuccessfully besieged by
Philip II
(priests of the Getae persuaded him
to conclude a treaty) but surrendered to
Alexander the Great
in 335 BCE, and was later
ruled by his diadochus
Lysimachus
, against whom it rebelled in 313 BC
as part of a coalition with other Pontic cities and the Getae. The Roman city,
Odessus, first included into the Praefectura orae maritimae and
then in 15 CE annexed to the province of
Moesia
(later Moesia Inferior), covered
47 hectares in present-day central Varna and had prominent public baths,
Thermae
, erected in the late 2nd century AD,
now the largest Roman remains in Bulgaria (the building was 100 m (328.08 ft)
wide, 70 m (229.66 ft) long, and 25 m (82.02 ft) high) and fourth-largest known
Roman baths in Europe. Major athletic games were held every five years, possibly
attended by
Gordian III
in 238 CE.
Odessus was an early
Christian
centre, as testified by ruins of ten
early basilicas, a
monophysite
monastery, and indications that one
of the
Seventy Disciples
,
Ampliatus
, follower of
Saint Andrew
(who, according to the
Bulgarian Orthodox Church
legend, preached in
the city in 56 CE), served as bishop there. In 6th-century CE imperial
documents, it was referred to as "holiest city," sacratissima civitas. In
442 CE, a peace treaty between
Theodosius II
and
Attila
was done at Odessus. In 513, it became a
focal point of the
Vitalian
revolt. In 536,
Justinian I
made it the seat of the
Quaestura exercitus
ruled by a prefect of
Scythia or quaestor Justinianus and including Lower Moesia,
Scythia
, Caria, the
Aegean Islands
and Cyprus; later, the military
camp outside Odessus was the seat of another senior Roman commander, magister
militum per Thracias.
It has been suggested that the 681 peace treaty with the
Byzantine Empire
that established the new
Bulgarian state was concluded at Varna and the first Bulgarian capital south of
the Danube may have been provisionally located in its vicinity—possibly in an
ancient city near Lake Varna’s north shore named Theodorias (Θεοδωριάς) by
Justinian I—before it moved to
Pliska
70 kilometres (43 miles) to the west.
Asparukh fortified the Varna river lowland by a rampart against a possible
Byzantine landing; the Asparuhov val (Asparukh’s Wall) is still standing.
Numerous 7th-century
Bulgar
settlements have been excavated across
the city and further west; the ; the Varna lakes north shores, of all regions,
were arguably most densely populated by Bulgars. It has been suggested that
Asparukh was aware of the importance of the Roman military camp (campus
tribunalis) established by Justinian I outside Odessus and considered it (or
its remnants) as the legitimate seat of power for both Lower Moesia and Scythia.
Marcus Antonius Gordianus Pius (January
20, 225
–
February
11
, 244
),
known in
English
as Gordian III,
 was
Roman
Emperor
from 238 to 244. Gordian was the son of
Antonia Gordiana
and his father was an unnamed Roman Senator who died before
238. Antonia Gordiana was the daughter of Emperor
Gordian I
and younger sister of Emperor
Gordian II
.
Very little is known on his early life before becoming Roman Emperor. Gordian
had assumed the name of his maternal grandfather in 238.
Following the murder of emperor
Alexander Severus
in Moguntiacum (modern
Mainz
), the
capital of the
Roman province
Germania Inferior
,
Maximinus Thrax
was acclaimed emperor, despite strong opposition of the
Roman senate
and the majority of the population. In response to what was
considered in Rome as a rebellion, Gordian’s grandfather and uncle, Gordian I
and II, were proclaimed joint emperors in the
Africa Province
. Their revolt was suppressed within a month by Cappellianus,
governor of Numidia
and a loyal supporter of Maximinus Thrax. The elder Gordians died,
but public opinion cherished their memory as peace loving and literate men,
victims of Maximinus’ oppression.
Meanwhile, Maximinus was on the verge of marching on Rome and
the Senate elected
Pupienus
and Balbinus
as joint emperors. These senators were not popular men and the population of
Rome was still shocked by the elder Gordian’s fate, so that the Senate decided
to take the teenager Gordian, rename him Marcus Antonius Gordianus as his
grandfather, and raise him to the rank of
Caesar
and imperial heir.
Pupienus
and Balbinus
defeated Maximinus, mainly due to the defection of several
legions
,
namely the
Parthica II
who assassinated Maximinus. But their joint reign was
doomed from the start with popular riots, military discontent and even an
enormous fire that consumed Rome in June 238. On
July 29
,
Pupienus and Balbinus were killed by the
Praetorian guard
and Gordian proclaimed sole emperor.
Rule
Due to Gordian’s age, the imperial government was surrendered
to the aristocratic families, who controlled the affairs of Rome through the
senate. In 240,
Sabinianus
revolted in the African province, but the situation was dealt quickly. In 241,
Gordian was married to Furia Sabinia
Tranquillina
, daughter of the newly appointed praetorian prefect,
Timesitheus
. As chief of the Praetorian guard and father in law of the
emperor, Timesitheus quickly became the de facto ruler of the Roman
empire.
In the 3rd century, the Roman frontiers weakened against the
Germanic tribes across the
Rhine
and
Danube
, and the
Sassanid
kingdom across the
Euphrates
increased its own attacks. When the Persians under
Shapur I
invaded Mesopotamia
, the young emperor opened the doors of the
Temple of Janus
for the last time in Roman history, and sent a huge army to
the East. The Sassanids were driven back over the Euphrates and defeated in the
Battle of Resaena
(243). The campaign was a success and Gordian, who had
joined the army, was planning an invasion of the enemy’s territory, when his
father-in-law died in unclear circumstances. Without Timesitheus, the campaign,
and the emperor’s security, were at risk.
Marcus Julius Philippus, also known as
Philip the Arab
, stepped in at this moment as the new Praetorian Prefect and
the campaign proceeded. In the beginning of 244, the Persians counter-attacked.
Persian sources claim that a battle was fought (Battle
of Misiche) near modern
Fallujah
(Iraq)
and resulted in a major Roman defeat and the death of Gordian III.
Roman sources do not mention this battle and suggest that Gordian died far away,
upstream of the Euphrates. Although ancient sources often described Philip, who
succeeded Gordian as emperor, as having murdered Gordian at Zaitha (Qalat es
Salihiyah), the cause of Gordian’s death is unknown.
Gordian’s youth and good nature, along with the deaths of his
grandfather and uncle and his own tragic fate at the hands of another usurper,
granted him the everlasting esteem of the Romans. Despite the opposition of the
new emperor, Gordian was deified by the Senate after his death, in order to
appease the population and avoid riots.
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