PROBUS 281AD Ancient Roman Coin Jupiter Zeus w thunderbolt i32154

Item: i32154

Authentic Ancient Coin of:

Probus – Roman Emperor: 276-282

A.D. –

Bronze Antoninianus 21mm (3.65 grams)  Rome mint 281
A.D.
Reference: RIC 175f, C 305
PROBVSPFAVG – Radiate, cuirassed bust right.
IOVICONSPROBAVG Exe: R(thunderbolt)B – Jupiter (Zeus) standing
left, holding
thunderbolt and scepter.

You

Authenticity.

Probus (Latin:
Marcus Aurelius Probus
Augustus; c. 19 August 232 –
September/October 282), was
Roman Emperor
from 276
to 282.

During his reign, the
Rhine
and
Danube
frontier was
strengthened after successful wars against several
Germanic tribes
such as
the
Goths
,
Alamanni
,
Longiones
,
Franks
,
Burgundians
, and
Vandals
. The
Agri Decumates
and much
of the
Limes Germanicus
in
Germania Superior
were
officially abandoned during his reign, with the Romans
withdrawing to the
Rhine
and
Danube
rivers.

Life

Antoninianus

of Probus minted in 280. Depicts the solar
divinity
Sol Invictus

riding a
quadriga
.
Probus issued many different coins during
his six years of rule.

Born in 232 in
Sirmium
(modern day
Sremska Mitrovica
),
Pannonia Inferior
,^[4]
the son of Dalmatius,^[5]
Probus entered the army around 250 upon reaching
adulthood. Appointed as a
military tribune
by the
emperor
Valerian
,^[6]
he later distinguished himself under the emperors
Aurelian
and
Tacitus
.^[7]
He was appointed governor of the East by Tacitus, whose
death in 276 prompted Probus’ soldiers to proclaim him
emperor.^[8]

Florianus
, the
half-brother of Tacitus, was also proclaimed successor
by his soldiers, but he was killed after an indecisive
campaign.^[9]
Probus travelled west, defeating the Goths along the
lower Danube in 277, and acquiring the title of
Gothicus.^[10]
His position as emperor was ratified by the
Senate
around this
time.^[11]

As Emperor

In 278, Probus campaigned successfully in
Gaul
against the
Alamanni
and
Longiones
; both tribes
had advanced through the
Neckar
valley and
across the Rhine into Roman territory.^[12]
Meanwhile, his generals defeated the
Franks
and these
operations were directed to clearing
Gaul
of Germanic
invaders (Franks
and
Burgundians
), allowing
Probus to adopt the titles of Gothicus Maximus
and Germanicus Maximus.^[13]

One of his principles was never to allow the soldiers
to be idle, and to employ them in time of peace on
useful works, such as the planting of vineyards in Gaul,
Pannonia and other districts, in order to restart the
economy in these devastated lands.^[14]
Of a greater and more lasting significance, Probus began
the strategy of settling the Germanic tribes in the
devastated provinces of the empire.^[15]

In 279–280, Probus was, according to
Zosimus
, in
Raetia
,
Illyricum
and
Lycia
, where he fought
the
Vandals
.^[16]
In the same years, Probus’ generals defeated the
Blemmyes
in
Egypt
. Probus then
ordered the reconstruction of bridges and canals along
the Nile, where the production of grain for the Empire
was centered.^[17]

In 280–281, Probus put down three usurpers,
Julius Saturninus
,
Proculus
and
Bonosus
.^[18]
The extent of these revolts is not clear, but there are
clues that they were not just local problems.^[19]
In 281, the emperor was in Rome, where he celebrated his
triumph
.^[20]

Probus was eager to start his eastern campaign,
delayed by the revolts in the west.^[21]
He left Rome in 282, travelling first towards Sirmium,
his birth city. About Probus’ death different accounts
exist. According to
John Zonaras
, the
commander of the
Praetorian Guard

Marcus Aurelius Carus

had been proclaimed, more or less unwillingly, emperor
by his troops.^[22]

Assassination (282)

Probus sent some troops against the new usurper, but
when those troops changed sides and supported Carus,
Probus’ remaining soldiers assassinated him at Sirmium
(September/October 282).^[23]
According to other sources, however, Probus was killed
by disgruntled soldiers, who rebelled against his orders
to be employed for civic purposes, like draining
marshes.^[24]
Carus was proclaimed emperor after Probus’ death and
avenged the murder of his predecessor.^[25]

In the
ancient Greek

religion
, Zeus


zews



zooss
;
Ancient Greek
: Ζεύς;
Modern
Greek
: Δίας, Dias) was the “Father of Gods and men” (πατὴρ
ἀνδρῶν τε θεῶν τε)
who ruled the Olympians of
Mount
Olympus
as a father ruled the family. He was the
god of sky

and
thunder
in
Greek mythology
. His
Roman
counterpart is
Jupiter
and
Etruscan
counterpart is
Tinia
.

Zeus was the child of
Cronus
and
Rhea
, and the youngest of his siblings. In most
traditions he was married to

Hera, although, at the oracle of
Dodona
, his consort was
Dione
: according to the
Iliad
, he is the father of
Aphrodite
by Dione.
He is known for his erotic escapades. These resulted in many godly and heroic
offspring, including
Athena
,
Apollo
and
Artemis
,
Hermes
,
Persephone
(by
Demeter
),
Dionysus
,
Perseus
,
Heracles
,
Helen of Troy
,
Minos
, and the

Muses (by
Mnemosyne
); by Hera, he is usually said to have
fathered Ares
,
Hebe
and
Hephaestus
.

As
Walter Burkert
points out in his book, Greek
Religion, “Even the gods who are not his natural children address him as
Father, and all the gods rise in his presence.”
For the Greeks, he was the
King of the Gods
, who oversaw the universe. As
Pausanias
observed, “That Zeus is king in
heaven is a saying common to all men”.
In Hesiod’s Theogony
Zeus assigns the various gods
their roles. In the
Homeric Hymns
he is referred to as the
chieftain of the gods.

His symbols are the
thunderbolt
,
eagle
,
bull
, and

oak.
In addition to his Indo-European inheritance, the classical “cloud-gatherer”
also derives certain iconographic traits from the cultures of the
Ancient Near East
, such as the
scepter
. Zeus is frequently depicted by Greek
artists in one of two poses: standing, striding forward, with a thunderbolt
leveled in his raised right hand, or seated in majesty.