1799 Russian Czar Emperor PAUL I Catherine the Great Son 2 Kopeks Coin i56416

Item: i56416

Authentic Coin of:

Russia
Paul I – Russian Emperor: 17 November 1796 – 23 March 1801
1799 EM Copper 2 Kopeks 35mm (22.09 grams)
Reference: C# 95.3
Imperial monogram of Paul I.
2 КОПEЙКИ 1799 E.M.

You are bidding on the exact item pictured, 

Authenticity.

Paul 
I (Russian:
Па́вел I Петро́вич; Pavel Petrovich) 
(1 October [O.S. 
20 September] 1754 – 23 March [O.S. 
11 March] 1801) reigned as
Emperor of Russia
between 1796 and 1801. 
Officially, he was the only son of
Peter III
(reigned January to July 1762) and of
Catherine the Great
(reigned 1762-1796), though 
Catherine hinted that he was fathered by her lover
Sergei Saltykov
.

Paul remained overshadowed by his mother for much of his life. His reign 
lasted five years, ending with his assassination by conspirators. His most 
important achievement^{[citation 
needed]} was the adoption of the
laws of succession to the Russian throne
– 
rules that lasted until the end of the Romanov dynasty and of the Russian 
Empire.

He became de facto
Grand Master
of the
Order of Hospitallers
, and ordered the 
construction of a number of Maltese thrones (as of 2016 on display in the
State Hermitage Museum
,
Gatchina Palace
and the
Kremlin Armoury
).

Childhood

Paul was born in the Palace of
Empress Elizabeth
in
St Petersburg
. He was the son of the Grand 
Duchess Catherine, later Empress
Catherine the Great
, who was the wife of 
Elizabeth’s heir and nephew, the Grand Duke Peter, later
Emperor Peter III
.

During his infancy, Paul was taken immediately from his mother by the Empress 
Elizabeth
, whose overwhelming attention may 
have done him more harm than good. As a boy, he was reported to be intelligent 
and good-looking. His pug-nosed facial features in later life are attributed to 
an attack of typhus
, from which he suffered in 1771. Some 
claim that his mother Catherine hated him, and was restrained from putting him 
to death.
Massie
is more compassionate towards Catherine; 
in his 2011 biography of her he claims that once Catherine had done her duty in 
providing an heir to the throne Elizabeth had no more use for her, and Paul was 
taken from his mother at birth and withheld from her presence except during very 
limited moments. Paul was put in the charge of a trustworthy governor,
Nikita Ivanovich Panin
, and of competent 
tutors. It is interesting to note that Panin’s nephew went on to become one of 
Paul’s assassins.

The Russian Imperial court, first of Elizabeth and then of Catherine, was not 
an ideal home for a lonely, needy and often sickly boy. However, Catherine took 
great trouble to arrange his first marriage with Wilhelmina Louise (who acquired 
the Russian name “Natalia 
Alexeievna“), one of the daughters of
Ludwig IX
,
Landgrave of Hesse-Darmstadt
, in 1773, and 
allowed him to attend the Council in order that he might be trained for his work 
as Emperor. His tutor, Poroshin, complained that he was “always in a hurry”, 
acting and speaking without reflection.

Life from 1774 to 1796

 

After Paul’s first wife died in childbirth, his mother arranged another 
marriage on 7 October 1776, with the beautiful
Sophia Dorothea
of
Württemberg
, who received the new Orthodox name
Maria Feodorovna.

The use made of his name by the rebel
Yemelyan Pugachev
, who impersonated his father 
Peter, tended no doubt to render Paul’s position more difficult. On the birth of 
his first child in 1777 the Empress gave him an estate,
Pavlovsk
. Paul and his wife gained leave to 
travel through western Europe in 1781–1782. In 1783 the Empress granted him 
another estate at
Gatchina
, where he was allowed to maintain a 
brigade of soldiers whom he drilled on the Prussian model, an unpopular stance 
at the time.

Relationship with Catherine the Great

Catherine the Great and her son and heir, the future Paul I, maintained a 
distant relationship throughout the reign of the former. The aunt of Catherine’s 
husband,
Empress Elizabeth
, took up the child as a 
passing fancy.^[5]:28 
Elizabeth proved an obsessive but incapable caretaker, as she had raised no 
children of her own. Paul was supervised by a variety of caregivers. Roderick 
McGrew briefly relates the neglect to which the infant heir was sometimes 
subject: “On one occasion he fell out of his crib and slept the night away 
unnoticed on the floor.”^[5]:30 
Even after Elizabeth’s death, relations with Catherine hardly improved. Paul was 
often jealous of the favors she would shower upon her lovers. In one instance 
the empress gave to one of her court favourites fifty-thousand rubles on her 
birthday, while Paul received a cheap watch.^[6] 
Paul’s early isolation from his mother created a distance between them which 
later events would reinforce. She never considered inviting him to share her 
power in governing Russia. And once Paul’s son Alexander was born, it appeared 
that she had found a more suitable heir.

Catherine’s absolute power and the delicate balance of courtier-status 
greatly influenced the relationship at Court with Paul, who openly disregarded 
his mother’s opinions. Paul adamantly protested his mother’s policies, writing a 
veiled criticism in his Reflections, a dissertation on military reform.^[6] 
In it he directly disparaged expansionist warfare in favour of a more defensive 
military policy. Unenthusiastically received by his mother, Reflections 
appeared a threat to her authority and added weight to her suspicion of an 
internal conspiracy with Paul at its center. For a courtier to have openly 
supported or shown intimacy towards Paul, especially following this publication, 
would have meant political suicide.

Paul spent the following years away from the Imperial Court, contented to 
remain at his private estates at Gatchina with his growing family and to perform 
Prussian drill-exercises. As Catherine II grew older she became less concerned 
that her son attend court functions; her attentions focused primarily on Paul’s 
son, the future Emperor Alexander I.

It was not until 1787 that Catherine II may have in fact decided to exclude 
her son from succession.^[5]:184 
After Paul’s sons
Alexander
and
Constantine
were born, she immediately had them 
placed under her charge, just as Elizabeth had done with Paul. That Catherine 
grew to favour Alexander as sovereign of Russia rather than Paul is 
unsurprising. She met secretly with Alexander’s tutor
de La Harpe
to discuss his pupil’s ascension, 
and attempted to convince Maria, his mother, to sign a proposal authorizing her 
son’s legitimacy. Both efforts proved fruitless, and though Alexander agreed to 
his grandmother’s wishes, he remained respectful of his father’s position as 
immediate successor to the Russian throne.

Accession to the 
throne

 

 

Catherine suffered a
stroke
on 17 November 1796, and died without 
regaining consciousness. Paul’s first act as Emperor was to inquire about and, 
if possible, destroy her testament, as he feared it would exclude him from 
succession and leave the throne to Alexander. These fears may have contributed 
to Paul’s promulgation of the
Pauline Laws
, which established the strict 
principle of
primogeniture
in the
House of Romanov
, leaving the throne to the 
next male heir.

The army, then
poised to attack Persia
in accordance with 
Catherine’s last design, was recalled to the capital within one month of Paul’s 
accession. His father Peter was reburied with great pomp at the royal sepulchre 
in the
Peter and Paul Cathedral
. Paul responded to the 
rumour of his illegitimacy by parading his descent from
Peter the Great
. The aged Count
Aleksey Orlov
, who had been involved in Peter 
III’s murder 35 years earlier, was forced to carry the imperial crown behind the 
coffin on the way to its new resting place. The inscription on the
monument to the first Emperor of Russia
near 
the
St. Michael’s Castle
reads in
Russian
“To the Great-Grandfather from the 
Great-Grandson“. This is an allusion to the
Latin
“PETRO PRIMO CATHARINA SECUNDA”, the 
dedication by Catherine on the ‘Bronze 
Horseman‘ of Peter the Great.

Purported 
eccentricities

Emperor Paul was idealistic and capable of great generosity, but he was also 
mercurial and capable of vindictiveness. During the first year of his reign, 
Paul emphatically reversed many of the harsh policies of his mother. Although he 
accused many of
Jacobinism
, he allowed Catherine’s best known 
critic,
Radishchev
, to return from
Siberian
exile. Along with Radishchev, he 
liberated
Novikov
from
Schlüsselburg fortress
, and also
Tadeusz Kościuszko
, yet after liberation both 
were confined to their own estates under police supervision. He viewed the
Russian nobility
as decadent and corrupt, and 
was determined to transform them into a disciplined, principled, loyal caste 
resembling a medieval
chivalric order
. To those few who conformed to 
his view of a modern-day knight (e.g., his favourites
Kutuzov
,
Arakcheyev
,
Rostopchin
) he granted more serfs during the 
five years of his reign than his mother had presented to her lovers during her 
thirty-four years. Those who did not share his chivalric views were dismissed or 
lost their places at court: seven field marshals and 333 generals fell into this 
category. By this, Paul is sometimes being regarded as a sympathizer of
Polish people
due to his deep respect upon 
them.

Paul made several idiosyncratic and deeply unpopular attempts to reform the 
army. Under Catherine’s reign,
Grigori Potemkin
introduced new uniforms that 
were cheap, comfortable and practical, and designed in a distinctly Russian 
style. Paul decided to fulfill his predecessor Peter III’s intention of 
introducing Prussian uniforms. Impractical for active duty, these were deeply 
unpopular with the men, as was the effort required to maintain them.^[7] 
His love of parades and ceremony was not well-liked either. He ordered that
Wachtparad (Watch parades) took place early every morning in the 
parade ground of the palace, regardless of the weather conditions.^[8] 
He would personally sentence soldiers to be flogged if they made a mistake, and 
at one point literally ordered his guard regiment to march to Siberia when they 
became disordered during manoeuvers, although he changed his mind after they 
walked for about 10 miles.^[9][10] 
He attempted to reform the organization of the army in 1796 by introducing
The Infantry Codes; a series of guidelines that based the organization of 
the army largely upon show and glamour, but his greatest commander,
Suvorov
completely ignored them, believing them 
to be worthless.

At a great expense, he built three
castles
in or around the Russian capital. Much 
was made of his
courtly love
affair with
Anna Lopukhina
.

Emperor Paul also ordered the bones of Grigory Potemkin, one of his mother’s 
lovers, dug out of their grave and scattered.^[11]

Foreign affairs

 

Paul’s early foreign policy can largely be seen as reactions against his 
mother’s. In foreign policy, this meant that he opposed the many expansionary 
wars she fought and instead preferred to pursue a more peaceful, diplomatic 
path. Immediately upon taking the throne, he recalled all troops outside Russian 
borders, including the struggling expedition Catherine II had sent to conquer 
Iran through the Caucasus and the 60,000 men she had promised to Britain and 
Austria to help them defeat the French.^[12] 
Paul hated the French before their revolution, and afterwards, with their 
republican and anti-religious views, he detested them even more.^[13] 
In addition to this, he knew French expansion hurt Russian interests, but he 
recalled his mother’s troops primarily because he firmly opposed wars of 
expansion. He also believed that Russia needed substantial governmental and 
military reforms to avoid an economic collapse and a revolution, before Russia 
could wage war on foreign soil.^[5]:283

Paul offered to mediate between Austria and France through Prussia and pushed 
Austria to make peace, but the two countries made peace without his assistance, 
signing the
Treaty of Campoformio
in October 1797.^[5]:286 
This treaty, with its affirmation of French control over islands in the 
Mediterranean and the partitioning of the
Republic of Venice
, upset Paul, who saw it as 
creating more instability in the region and displaying France’s ambitions in the 
Mediterranean. In response, he offered asylum to the
Prince de Condé
and his army, as well as
Louis XVIII
, both of whom had been forced out 
of Austria by the treaty.^{[5]:288–289} 
By this point, the French Republic had seized Italy, the Netherlands, and 
Switzerland, establishing republics with constitutions in each, and Paul felt 
that Russia now needed to play an active role in Europe in order to overthrow 
what the republic had created and restore traditional authorities.^{[5]:289–290} 
In this goal he found a willing ally in the Austrian chancellor
Baron Thugut
, who hated the French and loudly 
criticized revolutionary principles. Britain and the Ottoman Empire joined 
Austria and Russia to stop French expansion, free territories under their 
control and re-establish the old monarchies. The only major power in Europe who 
did not join Paul in his anti-French campaign was Prussia, whose distrust of 
Austria and the security they got from their current relationship with France 
prevented them from joining the coalition.^{[5]:286–287} 
Despite the Prussians’ reluctance, Paul decided to move ahead with the war, 
promising 60,000 men to support Austria in Italy and 45,000 men to help England 
in North Germany and the Netherlands.^[13]

Another important factor in Paul’s decision to go to war with France was the 
island of Malta
, the home of the
Knights Hospitaller
. In addition to Malta, the 
Order had priories in the Catholic countries of Europe that held large estates 
and paid the revenue from them to the Order. In 1796, the Order approached Paul 
about the Priory of Poland, which had been in a state of neglect and paid no 
revenue for 100 years, and was now on Russian land.^[14]:46–48 
Paul as a child had read the histories of the Order and was impressed by their 
honor and connection to the old order it represented. He relocated the Priories 
of Poland to St. Petersburg in January 1797.^[14]:48 
The knights responded by making him a protector of the Order in August of that 
same year, an honor he had not expected but, in keeping with his chivalric 
ideals, he happily accepted.^[14]:49–50

In June 1798,
Napoleon seized Malta
; this greatly offended 
Paul.^[14]:51 
In September, the Priory of St. Petersburg declared that
Grand Master Hompesch
had betrayed the Order by 
selling Malta to Napoleon. A month later the Priory elected Paul
Grand Master
.^{[14]:55–58[15][16]} 
This election resulted in the establishment of the
Russian tradition of the Knights Hospitaller
 
within the Imperial
Orders
of Russia. The election of the sovereign 
of an Orthodox nation as the head of a Catholic order was controversial, and it 
was some time before the Holy See or any of the other of the Order’s priories 
approved it. This delay created political issues between Paul, who insisted on 
defending his legitimacy, and the priories’ respective countries.^[14]:59 
Though recognition of Paul’s election would become a more divisive issue later 
in his reign, the election immediately gave Paul, as Grand Master of the Order, 
another reason to fight the French Republic: to reclaim the Order’s ancestral 
home.

The Russian army in Italy played the role of an auxiliary force sent to 
support the Austrians, though the Austrians offered the position of chief 
commander over all the allied armies to
Alexander Suvorov
, a distinguished Russian 
general. Under Suvorov, the allies managed to push the French out of Italy, 
though they suffered heavy losses.^[17] 
However, by this point in time, cracks had started to appear in the 
Russo-Austrian alliance, due to their different goals in Italy. While Paul and 
Suvorov wanted the liberation and restoration of the Italian monarchies, the 
Austrians sought territorial acquisitions in Italy, and were willing to 
sacrifice later Russian support to acquire them.^[5]:299 
The Austrians, therefore, happily saw Suvorov and his army out of Italy in 1799 
to go meet up with the army of
Alexander Korsakov
, at the time assisting the 
Austrian
Archduke Charles
expel the French armies 
currently occupying Switzerland.^[18] 
However, the campaign in Switzerland had become a stalemate, without much 
activity on either side until the Austrians withdrew. Because this happened 
before Korsakov and Suvorov could unite their forces, the French could attack 
their armies one at a time, destroying Korsakov’s and forcing Suvorov to fight 
his way out of Switzerland, suffering heavy losses.^[19] 
Suvorov, shamed, blamed the Austrians for the terrible defeat in Switzerland, as 
did his furious sovereign. This defeat, combined with refusal to reinstate the 
old monarchies in Italy and their disrespect of the Russian flag during the 
taking of Ancona, led to the formal cessation of the alliance in October 1799.^[20]

Although by the fall of 1799 the Russo-Austrian alliance had more or less 
fallen apart, Paul still cooperated willingly with the British. Together, they 
planned to invade the Netherlands, and through that country attack France 
proper. Unlike Austria, neither Russia nor Britain appeared to have any secret 
territorial ambitions: they both simply sought to defeat the French.^[5]:309 
The
Anglo-Russian invasion of Holland
started well, 
with a British victory – the
Battle of Callantsoog
(27 August 1799) – in the 
north, but when the Russian army arrived in September, the allies found 
themselves faced with bad weather, poor coordination, and unexpectedly fierce 
resistance from the Dutch and the French, and their success evaporated.^[21] 
As the month wore on, the weather worsened and the allies suffered more and more 
losses, eventually signing an armistice in October 1799.^[22] 
The Russians suffered three-quarters of allied losses and the British left their 
troops on an island in the Channel after the retreat, as Britain did not want 
them on the mainland.^{[5]:309–310} 
This defeat and subsequent maltreating of Russian troops strained Russo-British 
relations, but a definite break did not occur until later.^[5]:311 
The reasons for this break are less clear and simple than those of the split 
with Austria, but several key events occurred over the winter of 1799–1800 that 
helped: Bonaparte released 7,000 captive Russian troops that Britain had refused 
to pay the ransom for; Paul grew closer to the Scandinavian countries of Denmark 
and Sweden, whose claim to neutral shipping rights offended Britain; Paul had 
the British ambassador in St. Petersburg (Whitworth) 
recalled (1800) and Britain did not replace him, with no clear reason given as 
to why; and Britain, needing to choose between their two allies, chose Austria, 
who had certainly committed to fighting the French to the end.^[23] 
Finally, two events occurred in rapid succession that destroyed the alliance 
completely: first, in July 1800, the British seized a Danish frigate, prompting 
Paul to close the British trading factories in St. Petersburg as well as impound 
British ships and cargo; second, even though the allies resolved this crisis, 
Paul could not forgive the British for
Admiral Nelson’s
refusal to return Malta to the 
Order of St. John, and therefore to Paul, when the British captured it from the 
French in September 1800.^[24] 
In a drastic response, Paul seized all British vessels in Russian ports, sent 
their crews to detention camps and took British traders hostage until he 
received satisfaction.^[25] 
Over the next winter, he went further, using his new
Armed Neutrality coalition
with Sweden, Denmark 
and Prussia to prepare the Baltic against possible British attack, prevent the 
British from searching neutral merchant vessels, and freeze all British trade in 
Northern Europe.^[26] 
As France had already closed all of Western and Southern Europe to British 
trade, Britain, which relied heavily upon imports (especially for timber, naval 
products, and grain) felt seriously threatened by Paul’s move and reacted fast.^[27] 
In March 1801, Britain sent a fleet to Denmark, bombarding Copenhagen and 
forcing the Danes to surrender in the beginning of April.^[28] 
Nelson then sailed towards St. Petersburg, reaching
Reval
(14 May 1801), but after the conspiracy 
assassinated Paul (23 March 1801), the new Tsar Alexander had opened 
peace-negotiations shortly after taking the throne.^[5]:314

The most original aspect of Paul I’s foreign policy was his rapprochement 
with France after the coalition fell apart. Several scholars have argued that 
this change in position, radical though it seemed, made sense, as Bonaparte 
became
First Consul
and made France a more 
conservative state, consistent with Paul’s view of the world.^[29] 
Even
Paul’s decision to send a Cossack army to take British 
India
, bizarre as it may seem, makes a certain amount of sense: 
Britain itself was almost impervious to direct attack, being an island nation 
with a formidable navy, but the British had left India largely unguarded and 
would have great difficulty staving off a force that came over land to attack 
it.^[30] 
The British themselves considered this enough of a problem that they signed 
three treaties with Persia, in 1801, 1809 and 1812, to guard against an army 
attacking India through Central Asia.^[31] 
Paul sought to attack the British where they were weakest: through their 
commerce and their colonies. Throughout his reign, his policies focused 
reestablishing peace and the balance of power in Europe, while supporting 
autocracy and old monarchies, without seeking to expand Russia’s borders.^[32]

Irano-Georgian matters

 

In spite of Russia’s failure to honour the terms of the
Treaty of Georgievsk
, as
Qajar Iran
reinvaded Georgia and
captured and sacked Tbilisi
, Georgian rulers 
felt they had nowhere else to turn now that Georgia was again re-subjugated by 
Iran. Tbilisi was captured and burnt to the ground, and eastern Georgia 
reconquered.
Agha Mohammad Khan
however, Persia’s ruler, was 
assassinated in 1797 in
Shusha
, after which the Persian grip on Georgia 
softened once again. Erekle however, still dreaming of a united Georgia, died a 
year afterwards. After Erekle’s death, a civil war broke out over the succession 
to the throne of Kartli-Kakheti and one of the rival candidates called on Russia 
to intervene and decide matters. On 8 January 1801, Tsar Paul I signed a decree 
on the incorporation of Georgia (Kartli-Kakheti) within the Russian Empire^[33][34] 
which was confirmed by Tsar
Alexander I
on 12 September 1801.^[35][36] 
The Georgian envoy in Saint Petersburg,
Garsevan Chavchavadze
, reacted with a note of 
protest that was presented to the Russian vice-chancellor
Alexander Kurakin
.^[37] 
In May 1801, Russian General
Carl Heinrich von Knorring
removed the Georgian 
heir to the throne,
David

Batonishvili
, from power and deployed a 
provisional government headed by General
Ivan Petrovich Lazarev
.^[38]

Some of the Georgian nobility did not accept the decree until April 1802, 
when General Knorring held the nobility in
Tbilisi
‘s
Sioni Cathedral
and forced them to take an oath 
on the imperial crown of Russia. Those who disagreed were arrested.^[39] 
Wanting to secure the northernmost reaches of his empire, as well as knowing 
that the grip on Georgia was drastically loosening with Russia’s formal entrance 
into Tbilisi, Agha Mohammad Khan’s successor,
Fath Ali Shah Qajar
got involved into the
Russo-Persian War (1804-1813)
. In the summer of 
1805, Russian troops on the
Askerani River
and near Zagam defeated the 
Persian army, saving Tbilisi from its attack and re-subjugation. In 1810, the 
kingdom of Imereti
(Western Georgia) was annexed by the
Russian Empire
after the suppression of King
Solomon II
‘s resistance.^[40] 
In 1813, Qajar Iran was officially forced to cede Georgia to Russia per the
Treaty of Gulistan
of 1813.^[41] 
This marked the official start of the Russian period in Georgia.

Assassination

 

Paul’s premonitions of assassination were well-founded. His attempts to force 
the nobility to adopt a code of chivalry alienated many of his trusted advisors. 
The Emperor also discovered outrageous machinations and corruption in the 
Russian treasury. Although he repealed Catherine’s law which allowed the 
corporal punishment of the free classes and directed reforms which resulted in 
greater rights for the peasantry, and better treatment for serfs on agricultural 
estates, most of his policies were viewed as a great annoyance to the noble 
class and induced his enemies to work out a plan of action.

A conspiracy was organized, some months before it was executed, by Counts
Peter Ludwig von der Pahlen
,
Nikita Petrovich Panin
, and the half-Spanish, 
half-Neapolitan adventurer
Admiral Ribas
. The death of Ribas delayed the 
execution. On the night of 23 March [O.S. 
11 March] 1801, Paul was murdered in his bedroom in the newly built
St Michael’s Castle
by a band of dismissed 
officers headed by
General Bennigsen
, a
Hanoverian
in the Russian service, and
General Yashvil
, a
Georgian
. They charged into his bedroom, 
flushed with drink after supping together, and found Paul hiding behind some 
drapes in the corner.^[42] 
The conspirators pulled him out, forced him to the table, and tried to compel 
him to sign his abdication. Paul offered some resistance, and one of the 
assassins struck him with a sword, after which he was strangled and trampled to 
death. He was succeeded by his son, the 23-year-old
Alexander I
, who was actually in the palace, 
and to whom General
Nikolay Zubov
, one of the assassins, announced 
his accession, accompanied by the admonition, “Time to grow up! Go and rule!”

Legacy

 

There is some evidence that Paul I was venerated as a saint among the Russian 
Orthodox populace,^[43] 
even though he was never officially canonized by any of the Orthodox Churches.

Portrayals in literature, theatre and film

In 1906 Dmitry Merezhkovsky published his tragedy “Paul I”. Its most 
prominent performance was made on the Soviet Army Theatre’s stage in 1989, with
Oleg Borisov
as Paul.

The 1937 Soviet film
Lieutenant Kijé
, directed by Aleksandr 
Faintsimmer and based on a novella of the same name by Yury Tynyanov, satirizes 
Paul’s obsession with rigid drill, instant obedience and martinet discipline.

The 1987 Soviet experimental film
Assa
has a subplot revolving around Paul’s 
murder; Paul is portrayed by
Dmitry Dolinin
.

A film about Paul’s rule was produced by
Lenfilm
in 2003. Poor, Poor Paul (Бедный 
бедный Павел) is directed by Vitaliy Mel’nikov and stars
Viktor Sukhorukov
as Paul and
Oleg Yankovsky
as Count Pahlen, who headed a 
conspiracy against him. The film portrays Paul more compassionately than the 
long-existing stories about him. The movie won the Michael Tariverdiev Prize for 
best music to a film at the Open Russian Film Festival “Kinotavr” 
in 2003.

Issue

Paul and Sophie had ten children; nine survived to adulthood (and from whom 
can be traced
19 grandchildren
):

* Disputed.

Gallery

• 
  

  Family of Paul I of Russia, by
  Gerhard von Kügelgen

• 
  

  Pavel Petrovich as a Child (1761), by
  Fedor Rokotov

• 
  

  The rooms of
  Gatchina
  palace where Grand Duke 
  Paul spent his youth

• 
  

  State Arms under Emperor Paul, incorporating the cross of the
  Order of Malta
  , 1799