1925 USSR Soviet Union Socialist USSR Russian Communist 1/2 KOPEK Coin i56481

Item: i56481
 
 Authentic Coin of:

Russia under the USSR
1925 Copper 1/2 Kopek 16mm (1.60 grams)
Reference: Y# 79
ΠΟΛ KOПEЙKИ 1925.

ПРОΛЕТАРИИ ВСЕХ СТРАН, СОЕДИНЯИТЕСЬ!◦
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Authenticity.

The
Soviet Union,
officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (Russian:
Сою́з Сове́тских Социалисти́ческих Респу́блик,
tr.
Sojuz Sovetskich
Socialističeskich Respublik;, abbreviated to USSR (Russian:
СССР,
tr.
SSSR), was a
socialist state
on the
Eurasian
continent that existed between 1922
and 1991. A
union
of multiple subnational
Soviet republics
, its
government
and
economy
were highly centralized. The Soviet
Union was a
one-party state
, governed by the
Communist Party
with
Moscow
as its capital.

The
Soviet Union had its roots in the
October Revolution
of 1917, when the
Bolsheviks
, headed by
Vladimir Lenin
, overthrew the
provisional government
that had replaced the

Tsar. They established the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet
Republic (renamed
Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic
in
1936), beginning a
civil war
between the revolutionary “Reds” and
the counter-revolutionary “Whites.” The
Red Army
entered several territories of the
former
Russian Empire
and helped local Communists take
power through
soviets
, which nominally acted on behalf of
workers and peasants. In 1922, the Communists were victorious, forming the
Soviet Union with the unification of the Russian,
Transcaucasian
,
Ukrainian
, and
Byelorussian
republics. Following Lenin’s death
in 1924, a
troika
and a brief power struggle,
Joseph Stalin
came to power in the mid-1920s.
Stalin suppressed all political opposition to his rule, committed the state
ideology to
Marxism–Leninism
(which he created), and
initiated a centrally
planned economy
. As a result, the country
underwent a period of rapid industrialization and
collectivization
which laid the foundation for
its
victory
in
World War II
and post-war dominance of
Eastern Europe
. Stalin also fomented political
paranoia, and conducted the
Great Purge
to remove opponents of his from the
Communist Party
through the mass arbitrary
arrest of many people (military leaders, Communist Party members, and ordinary
citizens alike) who were then sent to
correctional labor camps
or sentenced to death.

At the beginning of
World War II
, Stalin signed a
non-aggression pact
with
Hitler’s Germany
; the treaty delayed
confrontation between the two countries. In June 1941 the
Germans invaded
, opening
the largest and bloodiest theater of war
in
history.
Soviet war casualties
accounted for the highest
proportion of the conflict in the cost of acquiring the upper hand over
Axis
forces at intense battles such as
Stalingrad
. Soviet forces eventually
captured Berlin
in 1945. The territory
overtaken by the Red Army became
satellite states
of the
Eastern Bloc
. The
Cold War
emerged in 1947 as the Soviet bloc
confronted the Western states that united in the

North Atlantic Treaty Organization in 1949.

Following Stalin’s death in 1953, a period of political and economic
liberalization, known as “de-Stalinization”
and “Khrushchev’s
Thaw“, occurred under the leadership of
Nikita Khrushchev
. The country developed
rapidly, as millions of peasants were moved into industrialized cities. The USSR
took an early lead in the
Space Race
with the
first ever satellite
and the
first human spaceflight
. In the 1970s, there
was a brief détente
of relations with the United
States, but tensions resumed when the Soviet Union
deployed troops in Afghanistan
in 1979. The war
drained economic resources and was matched by an escalation of American military
aid to
Mujahideen
fighters.

In the mid-1980s, the last Soviet leader,
Mikhail Gorbachev
, sought to further reform and
liberalize the economy through his policies of
glasnost
and
perestroika
. The goal was to preserve the
Communist Party while reversing
economic stagnation
. The Cold War ended during
his tenure, and in 1989 Soviet satellite countries in Eastern Europe overthrew
their respective communist regimes. This led to the rise of strong nationalist
and separatist movements inside the USSR as well. Central authorities initiated
a
referendum
—boycotted by the Baltic republics,
Armenia, Georgia, and Moldova—which resulted in the majority of participating
citizens voting in favor of preserving the Union as a
renewed federation
. In August 1991,
a coup d’état was attempted
by Communist Party
hardliners. It failed, with Russian President
Boris Yeltsin
playing a high-profile role in
facing down the coup, resulting in the banning of the Communist Party. On 25
December 1991, Gorbachev resigned and the remaining twelve constituent republics
emerged from the
dissolution of the Soviet Union
as independent
post-Soviet states
. The
Russian Federation
(formerly the Russian SFSR)
assumed the Soviet Union’s rights and obligations and is recognized as its
continued legal personality.