Turkey – 1988 Summer Olympics 1988 Silver 10,000 Lira (10 Bin Lira) 38mm (15.06 grams) 0.925 Silver (0.6938 oz. ASW) Reference: KM# 984 TÜRKİYE CUMHURİYETİ 10.000 LİRA, Wreath. SUMMER OLYMPIC GAMES 1988, Stylized olympic torch and designs.
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The 1988 Summer Olympics (Korean: 서울 하계 올림픽; RR: Seoul Hagye Ollimpik [sʌ.ul ɦaɡje olːimpʰik]), officially known as the Games of the XXIV Olympiad, was an international multi-sport event celebrated from 17 September to 2 October 1988 in Seoul, South Korea. 159 nations were represented at the games, by a total of 8,391 athletes: 6,197 men and 2,194 women. 237 events were held and 27,221 volunteers helped to prepare the Olympics. 11,331 media (4,978 written press and 6,353 broadcasters) showed the Games all over the world. These were the last Olympic Games for the Soviet Union and East Germany, as both ceased to exist before the next Olympic Games in 1992. The Soviet Union dominated the medal table, winning 55 gold and 132 total medals. No country came close to this result after 1988.
The games were boycotted by North Korea and its ally, Cuba. Ethiopia, Albania and the Seychelles did not respond to the invitations sent by the IOC. Nicaragua did not participate due to athletic and financial considerations. The participation of Madagascar had been expected, and their team was expected at the opening ceremony of 160 nations. However, the country withdrew because of financial reasons. Nonetheless, the much larger boycotts seen in the previous three Summer Olympics (1976, 1980 and 1984) were avoided, resulting in the largest number of participating nations during the Cold War era.
Turkey, officially the Republic of Turkey, is a parliamentary republic in Eurasia , mainly on the Anatolian peninsula in Western Asia , with a smaller portion on the Balkan peninsula in Southeast Europe . Turkey is bordered by eight countries: Syria and Iraq to the south; Iran , Armenia , and the Azerbaijani exclave of Nakhchivan to the east; Georgia to the northeast; Bulgaria to the northwest; and Greece to the west. The Black Sea is to the north, the Mediterranean Sea to the south, and the Aegean Sea to the west. The Bosphorus , the Sea of Marmara , and the Dardanelles (which together form the Turkish Straits ) demarcate the boundary between Thrace and Anatolia ; they also separate Europe and Asia. Turkey’s location at the crossroads of Europe and Asia makes it a country of significant geostrategic importance.
Turkey has been inhabited since the paleolithic age , including various ancient Anatolian civilizations, Aeolian , Dorian and Ionian Greeks , Thracians , Armenians , and Assyrians . After Alexander the Great ‘s conquest, the area was Hellenized , a process which continued under the Roman Empire and its transition into the Byzantine Empire . The Seljuk Turks began migrating into the area in the 11th century, starting the process of Turkification , which was greatly accelerated by the Seljuk victory over the Byzantines at the Battle of Manzikert in 1071. The Seljuk Sultanate of Rûm ruled Anatolia until the Mongol invasion in 1243, upon which it disintegrated into several small Turkish beyliks .
Starting from the late 13th century, the Ottomans united Anatolia and created an empire encompassing much of Southeastern Europe, Western Asia and North Africa, becoming a major power in Eurasia and Africa during the early modern period . The empire reached the peak of its power between the 15th and 17th centuries, especially during the 1520–66 reign of Suleiman the Magnificent . After the second Ottoman siege of Vienna in 1683 and the end of the Great Turkish War in 1699, the Ottoman Empire entered a long period of decline . The Tanzimat reforms of the 19th century, which aimed to modernize the Ottoman state, proved to be inadequate in most fields, and failed to stop the dissolution of the empire .
Effectively controlled by the Three Pashas after the 1913 coup d’état , the Ottoman Empire entered World War I (1914–18) on the side of the Central Powers and was ultimately defeated. During the war, the Ottoman government committed ethnic cleansing or genocide against its Armenian , Assyrian and Pontic Greek citizens. Following the war, the conglomeration of territories and peoples that formerly comprised the Ottoman Empire was divided into several new states .
The Turkish War of Independence (1919–22), initiated by Mustafa Kemal Atatürk and his colleagues in Anatolia , resulted in the establishment of the modern Republic of Turkey in 1923, with Atatürk as its first president. Turkey is a democratic , secular , unitary , constitutional republic with a diverse cultural heritage . The country’s official language is Turkish , a Turkic language spoken natively by approximately 85 percent of the population. 70–75 percent of the population are ethnic Turks ; and about 25-30% of the population consists of recognized (Armenians, Greeks , Jews ) and unrecognized (Kurds, Circassians , Arabs , Albanians , Bosniaks , Georgians , etc.) minorities. Kurds make up the largest minority group. The vast majority of the population is Sunni Muslim , with Alevis making up the largest religious minority. Turkey is a charter member of the UN , early member of NATO , and a founding member of the OECD , OSCE , OIC and the G-20 . After becoming one of the first members of the Council of Europe in 1949, Turkey became an associate member of the EEC in 1963, applied for full EEC membership in 1987, joined the EU Customs Union in 1995 and started accession negotiations with the European Union in 2005. Turkey’s growing economy and diplomatic initiatives have led to its recognition as a regional power.
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