Magnus Maximus 387AD Ancient Roman Coin Military camp gate i40953

Item: i40953

Authentic Ancient

Coin of:

Magnus Maximus –

Roman Emperor
:  383-388 A.D.

Bronze AE4 14mm (1.23 grams) Struck 387 A.D.
DNMAGMAXIMVSPFAVG – Diademed, draped and cuirassed bust right.
SPESROMANORVM  – Camp gate with two turrets and star above.

A military camp or bivouac is a semi-permanent
facility for the lodging of an

army. Camps are erected
when a military force travels away from a major installation or fort during
training

or
operations
,
and often have the form of large
campsites
.
In the Roman

era the military camp had highly stylized parameters and served an entire
legion
.
Archaeological investigations have revealed many details of these
Roman camps

at sites such as
Vindolanda

(England)
and Raedykes

(Scotland).

You are bidding on the exact item pictured,

Authenticity.

The
Latin
word
castra , with its
singular castrum, was used by the ancient Romans to mean buildings
or plots of land reserved to or constructed for use as a military defensive
position. The word appears in both
Oscan
and
Umbrian
(dialects of
Italic
) as well as in
Latin
. In classical Latin the word castra
always means “great legionary encampment”, both “marching”, “temporary” ones and
the “fortified permanent” ones, while the diminutive form castellum
was used for the smaller forts, which were usually, but not always, occupied by
the auxiliary units and used as logistic bases for the legions, as explained by
Vegetius
.^[3]
A generic term is praesidium (“guard post or garrison”). The terms

stratopedon
(“army camp”) and
phrourion
(“fort“)
were used by
Greek language
authors, in order to designate
the Roman castra and the Roman castellum respectively. In
English
, the terms “Roman fortress”, “Roman
fort” and “Roman camp” are commonly used for the castra. However the
scholars’ convention always requires the use of the word “camp”, “marching camp”
and “fortress” as a translation of castra and the use of the word “fort”
as a translation of castellum and this type of convention is usually
followed and found in all the scholarly works.

Magnus Clemens Maximus (ca. 335–August

28, 388
),

also known as Maximianus and Macsen Wledig in

Welsh

, was a

Hispano-Roman

usurper

of the

Western Roman Empire

from 383 until his death, in 388, by order of Emperor

Theodosius I

.

Life

Maximus was a distinguished general who served under

Theodosius the Elder

. He certainly served with him in Africa in 373 and on

the Danube in 376. It is likely he also may have been a junior officer in

Britain during the quelling of the

Great Conspiracy

in 368. Assigned to

Britain

in 380, he defeated an incursion of the

Picts
and

Scots
in 381.

Maximus was proclaimed emperor by his troops in 383. He went to

Gaul to pursue his

imperial ambitions taking a large number of British troops with him.

Following his conquest of Gaul, Maximus went out to meet his

main opponent, Gratian

, whom he defeated near

Paris
. Gratian,

after fleeing, was killed at

Lyon on

August 25
,

383. Continuing his campaign into Italy Maximus was stopped from overthrowing

Valentinian II

, who was aged only twelve, when

Theodosius I

, the

Eastern Roman Emperor

, sent

Flavius Bauto

with a powerful force to stop him. Negotiations followed in

384 including the intervention of

Ambrose
,

Bishop of Milan, leading to an accord with Valentinian II and Theodosius I in

which Maximus was recognized as an Augustus in the west.

Maximus made his capital at Augusta Treverorum (Treves,

Trier
) in Gaul

and ruled Britain, Gaul, Spain, and Africa. He issued coinage and a number of

edicts reorganizing Gaul’s system of provinces. Some scholars believe Maximus

may have founded the office of the

Comes Britanniarum

as well. He became a popular emperor,

Quintus Aurelius Symmachus

delivered a panegyric on Maximus’ virtues. He

used barbarian forces such as the

Alamanni
to

great effect. He was also a stern persecutor of

heretics
. It

was on his orders that

Priscillian

and 6 companions became the first people in the history of

Christianity

to be executed for

heresy
, in this

case of

Priscillianism

, by other Christians (though the civil charges were for the

practice of

magic

), and their property was confiscated. These executions went ahead

despite the wishes of prominent men such as

St. Martin of Tours

. Maximus’ edict of 387 or 388 which censured Christians

at Rome for burning down a Jewish synagogue, was condemned by Bishop

Ambrose
who

said people exclaimed: ‘the emperor has become a Jew’

In 387 Maximus managed to force

Valentinian II

out of

Rome after which he

fled to Theodosius I

. Theodosius I and

Valentinian II

then invaded from the east and campaigned against Magnus

Maximus in July-August 388, their troops being led by

Richomeres

and other generals. Maximus was defeated in the

Battle of the Save

, and retreated to

Aquileia
.

Meanwhile the Franks

under

Marcomer

had taken the opportunity and invaded at the same time further weakening Maximus’

position.

Andragathius,

of Maximus and killer of Gratian, was defeated near

Siscia

while Maximus’ brother, Marcellinus, fell in battle at

Poetovio

. Maximus surrendered in Aquileia and although he pleaded for mercy

was executed. The Senate passed a decree of

against him. However, his mother and at least two

daughters were spared. Maximus’ son,

Flavius Victor

, was executed at Trier by Valentinian’s magister peditum

Arbogast

in the fall of the same year

What happened to Maximus’ family after his downfall is not

related. He is known to have had a wife, who is recorded as having sought

spiritual counsel from

St. Martin of Tours

during his time at Trier. Her ultimate fate, and even

her name, have not been passed down to history. The same is true of Maximus’

mother and daughters spared by Theodosius. One of these daughters might have

been married to Ennodius, proconsul Africae (395). Ennodius’ grandson was

Petronius Maximus

, another ill-fated emperor, who ruled in Rome for but 77

days before he was stoned to death while fleeing from the Vandals on May 24,

455. Other descendants of Ennodius, and thus possibly of Maximus, included

Anicius

Olybrius
, emperor in 472, but also several consuls and bishops such as

St. Magnus Felix Ennodius

(Bishop of

Pavia
c. 514-21).

We also encounter an otherwise unrecorded daughter of Magnus Maximus,

Sevira

, on the

Pillar of Eliseg

, an early medieval inscribed stone in Wales which claims

her marriage to

Vortigern
,

king of the Britons.

Role in British and Breton history

In

Gildas
‘s De

Excidio et Conquestu Britanniae written in the sixth century, Maximus is

attributed an important role as the man responsible for withdrawing Roman troops

from Britain on a major scale and thus leaving it open to barbarian attack. The

archaeological evidence backs up Gildas’s account in that the late fourth

century seems to have been the period when Roman troops were withdrawn from

areas like

Hadrian’s Wall

and

Segontium

, with no coins found later than 383. The earliest Welsh

genealogies give Maximus (Welsh:

Macsen/Maxen Wledig) a role as a

founding father of the dynasties of many of Welsh kingdoms such as the

Kingdom of Powys

,

Kingdom of Gwent

and the

Kingdom of Dyfed

– the sort of claims reflected in the

Pillar of Eliseg

and in lists of the

Fifteen Tribes of Wales

.

It has been argued that this role may be a result of genuine land grants and

delegation of authority by Roman authorities to local leaders such as

Vortigern

and

Padarn Beisrudd

on troop withdrawal. It also has been suggested he settled

the Déisi
and

Attacotti

in Britain.

Although it is impossible to back these ideas with any certainty, and they could

be later invention, it is obvious that a connection to Macsen was seen as highly

desirable early in Welsh history.

The ninth century

gives another account of Maxiumus and assigns him an

important role:

The seventh emperor was Maximianus. He withdrew from

Britain with all its military force, slew Gratianus the king of the Romans,

and obtained the sovereignty of all Europe. Unwilling to send back his

warlike companions to their wives, families, and possessions in Britain, he

conferred upon them numerous districts from the lake on the summit of Mons

lovis, to the city called Cant Guic, and to the western Tumulus, that is

Cruc Occident. These are the Armoric Britons, and they remain there to the

present day. In consequence of their absence, Britain being overcome by

foreign nations, the lawful heirs were cast out, till God interposed with

his assistance.

Modern historians believe that this idea of mass British

troop settlement in

Brittany
by

Maximus may very well reflect some reality, as it accords with other historical

evidence and later Breton traditions.

Welsh legend

Legendary versions of Maximus’ career in which he marries a

Welsh princess

Helen

may have been in popular circulation in Welsh speaking areas from an

early point. Although the story of Helen and Maximus’s meeting is almost

certainly fictional, there is some evidence for the basic claims. He is

certainly given a prominent place in the earliest version of the

Welsh

Triads
which are believed to date from c. 1100 and which reflect far older

traditions. Macsen is also frequently referred to in Welsh poetry as a point of

comparison to later Welsh leaders. These legends come down to us in two separate

versions.

Geoffrey of Monmouth

According to

Geoffrey of Monmouth

‘s fictional

(ca. 1136), basis for many English and

Welsh legends, Maximian as he calls him, was a Roman senator and nephew of

Coel Hen

through his brother Ioelinus and was king of the

Brythons

following the death of

Octavius
.

Geoffrey tells this came about because Octavius, the king of the Britons, wanted

to wed his daughter to such a powerful half-Roman, half-Briton and give the

kingship of Britain as a dowry to that husband so he sent a message to Rome

offering his daughter to Maximian.

Caradocus
,

the

Duke of Cornwall

, had suggested and supported the marriage between

Octavius’s daughter and Maximian. Maximian accepted the offer and left Rome for

Britain. Geoffrey claims further that Maximian gathered an army as he sacked

Frankish
towns

along the way. He invaded Clausentum (modern

Southampton

) unintentionally and nearly fought the army of the Britons under

Conanus

before a truce was made. Following further negotiations, Maximian

was given the kingship of Britain and Octavius retired. Five years into his

kingship, Magnus Maximus assembled a vast fleet and invaded

Gaul, leaving

Britain in the control of Caradocus. Upon reaching the kingdom of

Armorica
,

he defeated the king and killed thousands of inhabitants. Before departing to

Rome, he summoned

Conanus

, the rebellious nephew of Octavius, and asked him to rule as king of

the land, which was renamed

Brittany
,

or ‘Little Britain’. Conan’s men married native women after cutting out their

tongues to preserve the purity of their language. Geoffrey of Monmouth presents

this legend to explain the Welsh name for Brittany, Llydaw, as originating from

lled-taw or half-silent. Given that Conan was well established in genealogies as

the founder of Brittany this certainly is connected to an older tradition than

Geoffrey.

Following the death of Caradocus rule of Britain as regent

passed to Dionotus

, who facing a foreign invasion appealed to Maximus who finally sent

a man named

Gracianus Municeps

with two legions to stop the attack. He killed many

thousands before the invaders fled to

Ireland
.

Maximus died in Rome

soon after and Dionotus became the official king of the Britons. Unfortunately,

before he could begin his reign, Gracianus took hold of the crown and made

himself king over Dionotus.

The Dream of Macsen Wledig

Although the

Mabinogion

tale The Dream of Macsen Wledig is written in later manuscripts than

Geoffrey’s version, the two accounts are so different that scholars agree the

Dream cannot be based purely on Geoffrey’s version. The Dream’s account also

seems to accord better with details in the Triads, so it perhaps reflects an

earlier tradition.

Macsen Wledig, the Emperor of Rome, dreams one night of a

lovely maiden in a wonderful, far-off land. Awakening, he sends his men all over

the earth in search of her. With much difficulty they find her in a rich castle

in Britain, daughter of a chieftain based at

Segontium

(Caernarfon),

and lead the Emperor to her. Everything he finds is exactly as in his dream. The

maiden, whose name is

Helen

or Elen, accepts and loves him. Because Elen is found a virgin, Macsen

gives her father sovereignty over the island of Britain and orders three castles

built for his bride. In Macsen’s absence, a new emperor seizes power and warns

him not to return. With the help of men from Britain led by Elen’s brother

Conanus

(Welsh:

Kynan Meriadec,

: Conan Meriadoc), Macsen marches across Gaul and Italy and

recaptures Rome. In gratitude to his British allies, Macsen rewards them with a

portion of Gaul that becomes known as Brittany.

Later literature

The prominent place of Macsen in history, Welsh legend and in

the

Matter of Britain

means he is often a character or referred to in historical

and Arthurian fiction. Such stories include

Stephen R. Lawhead

‘s

Pendragon Cycle

,

Mary

Stewart
‘s

, and

Rudyard Kipling

‘s

. The popular Welsh

folk song

Yma o Hyd
,

recorded by

Dafydd

Iwan
in 1981, recalls Macsen Wledig and celebrates the continued survival of

the Welsh people

since his days.