Rhodes, Islands off Caria 394BC RARE Ancient Greek Coin Nymph Rose i45703

Item: i45703

Authentic Ancient

Coin of:

Greek city of Rhodes, Islands off Caria
Bronze 10mm (1.51 grams) Struck 394-304 B.C.
Reference: SNGCop 750; SNG von Aulock 2797
Diademed head of the nymph Rhodos right.
P-O, rose with bud right.

The large and important island of Rhodos, off the south-west coast of Asia
Minor, produced a considerable coinage in the archaic period from its three
major cities, Ialysos, Kamiros and Lindos. After the Persian wars no further
coinage was issued on the island until the foundation of the new federal capital
circa 408 B.C. This splendid city, situated on the northern promontory only 12
miles from the mainland, was given the same name as the island. It quickly
achieved great prosperity and eventually became one of the principal trading
centers of the ancient world. In the third century Rhodos exercised much
political influence in the eastern Mediterranean, through the strength of its
fleet. But in 167 B.C. the Romans declared Delos a free port, and the Rhodians,
their prosperity now greatly diminished, sank into comparative obscurity.

 You are bidding on the exact item pictured,

Authenticity.

A nymph  in
Greek mythology
and in
Latin mythology
is a minor female nature deity
typically associated with a particular location or landform. There are 5
different types of nymphs, Celestial Nymphs, Water Nymphs, Land Nymphs, Plant
Nymphs and Underworld Nymphs. Different from goddesses, nymphs are generally
regarded as divine spirits who animate nature, and are usually depicted as
beautiful, young nubile
maidens who love to dance and sing;
their amorous freedom sets them apart from the restricted and chaste wives and
daughters of the Greek
polis
. They are believed to dwell in
mountains and
groves
, by springs and rivers, and also in
trees and in valleys and cool
grottoes
. Although they would never die of old
age nor illness, and could give birth to fully immortal children if mated to a
god, they themselves were not necessarily immortal, and could be beholden to
death in various forms.
Charybdis
and
Scylla
were once nymphs.

Other nymphs, always in the shape of young maidens, were part of the
retinue
of a god, such as
Dionysus
,
Hermes
, or
Pan
, or a goddess, generally the huntress
Artemis
.^[1]
Nymphs were the frequent target of
satyrs
. They are frequently associated with the
superior divinities: the huntress
Artemis
; the prophetic
Apollo
; the reveller and god of

wine,
Dionysus
; and rustic gods such as Pan and
Hermes.

Etymology

Nymphs are personifications of the creative and fostering activities of
nature, most often identified with the life-giving outflow of springs: as
Walter Burkert
(Burkert 1985:III.3.3) remarks,
“The idea that rivers are gods and springs divine nymphs is deeply rooted not
only in poetry but in belief and ritual; the worship of these deities is limited
only by the fact that they are inseparably identified with a specific locality.”

The
Greek
word
νύμφη has “bride” and “veiled” among its meanings: hence a marriageable
young woman. Other readers refer the word (and also
Latin
nubere and
German
Knospe) to a root expressing the
idea of “swelling” (according to
Hesychius
, one of the meanings of
νύμφη is “rose-bud”).

Adaptations

The Greek nymphs were spirits invariably bound to places, not unlike the
Latin genius loci
, and the difficulty of
transferring their cult may be seen in the complicated myth that brought
Arethusa
to Sicily. In the works of the
Greek-educated
Latin poets
, the nymphs gradually absorbed into
their ranks the indigenous Italian divinities of springs and streams (Juturna,
Egeria
,
Carmentis
,
Fontus
), while the
Lymphae
(originally Lumpae), Italian
water-goddesses, owing to the accidental similarity of their names, could be
identified with the Greek Nymphae. The mythologies of classicizing Roman poets
were unlikely to have affected the rites and cult of individual nymphs venerated
by country people in the springs and clefts of
Latium
. Among the
Roman
literate class, their sphere of influence
was restricted, and they appear almost exclusively as divinities of the watery
element.

In modern Greek
folklore

A Sleeping Nymph Watched by a Shepherd by
Angelica Kauffman
, about 1780, (V&A
Museum no. 23-1886)

The ancient Greek belief in nymphs survived in many parts of the country into
the early years of the twentieth century, when they were usually known as “nereids“.
At that time, John Cuthbert Lawson wrote: “…there is probably no nook or
hamlet in all Greece where the womenfolk at least do not scrupulously take
precautions against the thefts and malice of the nereids, while many a man may
still be found to recount in all good faith stories of their beauty, passion and
caprice. Nor is it a matter of faith only; more than once I have been in
villages where certain Nereids were known by sight to several persons (so at
least they averred); and there was a wonderful agreement among the witnesses in
the description of their appearance and dress.”^[2]

Nymphs tended to frequent areas distant from humans but could be encountered
by lone travelers outside the village, where their music might be heard, and the
traveler could spy on their dancing or bathing in a stream or pool, either
during the noon heat or in the middle of the night. They might appear in a
whirlwind. Such encounters could be dangerous, bringing dumbness, besotted
infatuation, madness or stroke to the unfortunate human. When parents believed
their child to be nereid-struck, they would pray to Saint Artemidos.^[3][4]

 

Modern sexual
connotations

The Head of a Nymph by
Sophie Anderson

Due to the depiction of the mythological nymphs as females who mate with men
or women at their own volition, and are completely outside male control, the
term is often used for women who are perceived as behaving similarly. (For
example, the title of the
Perry Mason
detective novel The Case of the
Negligent Nymph (1956) by
Erle Stanley Gardner
is derived from this
meaning of the word.)

The term
nymphomania
was created by modern
psychology
as referring to a “desire to engage
in
human sexual behavior
at a level high enough to
be considered clinically significant”, nymphomaniac being the person
suffering from such a disorder. Due to widespread use of the term among lay
persons (often shortened to nympho) and stereotypes attached,
professionals nowadays prefer the term
hypersexuality
, which can refer to males
and females alike.

The word
nymphet
is used to identify a sexually
precocious girl. The term was made famous in the novel
Lolita
by
Vladimir Nabokov
. The main character,
Humbert Humbert
, uses the term many times,
usually in reference to the title character.

Classification

As
H.J. Rose
states, all the names for various
classes of nymphs are plural feminine adjectives agreeing with the substantive
nymphai, and there was no single classification that could be seen as
canonical and exhaustive. Thus the classes of nymphs tend to overlap, which
complicates the task of precise classification. Rose mentions
dryads
and
hamadryads
as nymphs of trees generally,
meliai
as nymphs of
ash trees
, and
naiads
as nymphs of water, but no others
specifically.^[5]

Classification by type of dwelling

Hylas
and the Nymphs by
John William Waterhouse
, 1896

The following^[6]
is not the authentic Greek classification, but is intended simply as a guide:

• Celestial nymphs
  • Aurae
    (breezes), also called Aetae or
    Pnoae
  • Asteriae (stars), mainly comprising the Atlantides (daughters of
    Atlas
    )
    • Hesperides
      (nymphs of the West,
      daughters of Atlas; also had attributes of the
      Hamadryads
      )
      • Aegle
        (“dazzling light”)
      • Arethusa
      • Erytheia
        (or Eratheis)
      • Hesperia
        (or Hispereia)
    • Hyades
      (star cluster; sent rain)
    • Pleiades
      (daughters of
      Atlas
      and
      Pleione
      ; constellation; also were
      classed as
      Oreads
      )

In
Greek mythology
,
Rhodos or Rhodus (Ancient
Greek: Ῥόδος) also known as Rhode
was the goddess of the island of
Rhodes

and wife of Helios
,
she was the daughter of
Aphrodite

and Poseidon
.

Rhodes is a

Greek

island

approximately 18 kilometres (11 mi) southwest of

Turkey
in

eastern Aegean Sea

. It is the largest of the

Dodecanese

islands in terms of both land area and population, with a population of 117,007^[1]

of which 53,709 resided in the

homonymous

capital

city of the island.

Historically, Rhodes was famous worldwide for the

Colossus of Rhodes

, one of the

Seven Wonders of the World

. The medieval Old Town of the City of Rhodes has

been declared a

World Heritage Site

. Today Rhodes is a tourist destination.

//

Geography

The island of Rhodes is shaped like a

spearhead
,

79.7 km (49.5 mi) long and 38 km (24 mi) wide, with a total area of

approximately 1,400 square kilometres (541 sq mi) and a coastline of

approximately 220 km (137 mi). The

city of Rhodes

is located at the northern tip of the island, as well as the

site of the ancient and modern commercial

harbours

. The main air gateway (Diagoras

International Airport, IATA code: RHO) is located 14 km (9 mi) to the

southwest of the city in

Paradisi

. The road network radiates from the city along the east and west

coasts.

In terms of

flora

and

fauna

, Rhodes is closer to

Asia Minor

than to the rest of Greece. The interior of the island is

mountainous, sparsely inhabited and covered with forests of

pine (Pinus

brutia) and

cypress

(Cupressus sempervirens). The island is home to the Rhodian

deer. In

Petaludes

Valley (Greek for “Valley of the Butterflies”), large numbers of

tiger moths

gather during the summer months. Mount Attavyros, at 1,216 metres

(3,990 ft), is the island’s highest point of elevation. While the shores are

rocky, the island has arable strips of land where

citrus
fruit,

wine grapes,

vegetables, olives and other crops are grown.

Outside of the city of Rhodes, the island is dotted with small villages and

beach resorts, among them

Faliraki
,

Lindos
,

Kremasti
,

Haraki
,

Pefkos
,

Archangelos

, Afantou

, Koskinou

,

Embona

(Attavyros),

Paradisi

, and

Trianta

(Ialysos). Tourism is the island’s primary source of income.

Earthquakes

Rhodes has experienced severe

earthquakes
.

Notable are the

226 BC earthquake

that destroyed the

Colossus of Rhodes

; the one on 3 May 1481 which destroyed much of the city

of Rhodes;^[2]

and the one on 26 June 1926.^[3]

15 July 2008, Rhodes was struck by a

6.3 magnitude earthquake

causing minor damage to a few old buildings. One

woman lost her life when she fell down stairs while trying to flee her home.^[4]

History

Ancient times

The island was inhabited in the

Neolithic

period, although little remains of this culture. In the 16th century BC the

Minoans

came to Rhodes. Later Greek mythology recalled a Rhodian race called

the Telchines
,

and associated the island of Rhodes with

Danaus
; it was

sometimes nicknamed Telchinis. In the 15th century BC,

Mycenaean Greeks

invaded. After the

Bronze Age collapse

the first renewed outside contacts are with

Cyprus

.^[5]In

the 8th century BC the island’s settlements started to form, with the coming of

the Dorians
,

who built the three important cities of Lindos,

Ialyssos

and

Kameiros
,

which together with Kos
,

Cnidus
and

Halicarnassus

(on the mainland) made up the so-called

Dorian Hexapolis

.

Before archaeology, myth stood in for blanks in the historical record/ In

Pindar
‘s ode,

the island was said to be born of the union of

Helios
the sun

god and the nymph

Rhode

, and the cities were named for their three sons. The rhoda is a

pink hibiscus

native to the island.

Diodorus Siculus

added that

Actis
, one of the

sons of Helios and Rhode, travelled to

Egypt
. He built

the city of

Heliopolis

and taught the Egyptians the science of

astrology
.^[6]

The Persians invaded and overran the island, but were in turn defeated by

forces from Athens

in 478 BC. The cities joined the

Athenian League

. When the

Peloponnesian War

broke out in 431 BC, Rhodes remained largely neutral,

although it remained a member of the League. The war lasted until 404 BC, but by

this time Rhodes had withdrawn entirely from the conflict and decided to go her

own way.

In 408 BC the cities united to form one territory. They built the city of

Rhodes, a new capital on the northern end of the island. Its regular plan was

superintended by the Athenian architect

Hippodamus

. The Peloponnesian War had so weakened the entire Greek culture

that it lay open to invasion. In 357 BC the island was conquered by the king

Mausolus

of Caria
, then it

fell to the Persians in 340 BC. Their rule was also short. To the great relief

of its citizens, Rhodes became a part of the growing empire of

Alexander the Great

in 332 BC, after he defeated the Persians.

Following the death of Alexander his generals vied for control of the

kingdom. Three:

Ptolemy

,

Seleucus

, and

Antigonus

, succeeded in dividing the kingdom among themselves. Rhodes formed

strong commercial and cultural ties with the Ptolemies in

Alexandria
,

and together formed the Rhodo-Egyptian alliance that controlled trade throughout

the Aegean in the 3rd century BC. The city developed into a maritime, commercial

and cultural center; its coins circulated nearly everywhere in the

Mediterranean. Its famous schools of philosophy, science, literature and

rhetoric

shared masters with Alexandria: the Athenian rhetorician

Aeschines
,

who formed a school at Rhodes;

Apollonius of Rhodes

; the observations and works of the astronomers

Hipparchus

and Geminus
,

the rhetorician

Dionysios Trax

. Its school of sculptors developed a rich, dramatic style

that can be characterized as “Hellenistic

Baroque
“.

In 305 BC, Antigonus directed his son,

Demetrius

, to besiege Rhodes in an attempt to break its alliance with Egypt.

Demetrius created huge

siege engines

, including a 180 ft (55 m)

battering ram

and a

siege

tower
named

Helepolis

that weighed 360,000 pounds (163,293 kg). Despite this engagement, in 304 BC

after only one year, he relented and signed a peace agreement, leaving behind a

huge store of military equipment. The Rhodians sold the equipment and used the

money to erect a statue of their sun god,

Helios
, the

statue since called the

Colossus of Rhodes

.

In 164 BC, Rhodes signed a treaty with

Rome
.

It became an educational center for Roman noble families, and was especially

noted for its teachers of rhetoric, such as

Hermagoras

and the author of the

. At first the state was an important ally of Rome

and enjoyed numerous privileges, but these were later lost in various

machinations of Roman politics.

Cassius

eventually invaded the island and sacked the city.

In the first century AD, the Emperor

Tiberius

spent a brief term of exile on Rhodes.

Saint Paul

brought

Christianity

to people on the island.^[7]

Rhodes reached her zenith in the third century. In 395, the long

Byzantine Empire

-period began for Rhodes, when the eastern half of the Roman

empire became gradually more Greek.

Rhodes was occupied by the

Muslim
forces

of Muawiyah

I
in 672. In circa

1090 it was occupied by the Muslim forces of the

Seljuk Turks

, not long after the

Battle of Manzikert

.^[8]

Rhodes was recaptured by the

Byzantine

Emperor

Alexius I Comnenus

during the

First

Crusade
.

Medieval period

In 1309 the Byzantine era came to an end when the island was occupied by

forces of the

Knights Hospitaller

. Under the rule of the newly named “Knights of Rhodes”,

the city was rebuilt into a model of the European medieval ideal. Many of the

city’s famous monuments, including the

Palace of the Grand Master

, were built during this period.

The strong walls which the Knights had built withstood the attacks of the

Sultan
of

Egypt
in 1444,

and of Mehmed

II
in 1480. Ultimately, however, Rhodes fell to the large army of

Suleiman the Magnificent

in December 1522, long after the rest of the

Byzantine empire had been lost. The few surviving Knights were permitted to

retire to the

Kingdom of Sicily

. The Knights would later move their base of operations to

Malta. The island was thereafter a possession of the

Ottoman Empire

for nearly four centuries.

Modern history

The island was populated by ethnic groups from the surrounding nations,

including Jews. Under the Ottoman Empire rule, they generally did fairly well,

but discrimination and bigotry occasionally arose.^[citation

needed] In February 1840, the Jews of Rhodes were falsely accused

of ritually murdering a Christian boy. This became known as the

Rhodes blood libel

.

In 1912, Italy seized Rhodes from the Turks. The island’s population thus

bypassed many of the events associated with the

“exchange of the minorities”

between Greece and

Turkey
. Due to

the

Treaty of Lausanne

, the island, together with the

Dodecanese
,

was officially assigned to Italy. It became the core of their possession of the

Isole Italiane dell’Egeo.

Following the

Italian Armistice of 8 September 1943

, the British attempted to get the

Italian garrison on Rhodes to change sides. This was anticipated by the

German

Army
, which succeeded in occupying the island. In great measure, the German

occupation caused the British failure in the subsequent

Dodecanese Campaign

.

On 19 July 1944 the

Gestapo

rounded up the island’s nearly 2000

Jewish

inhabitants, to send them to extermination camps. About 160 of the

island’s more than 600 Greek Jews survived. The

Turkish
Consul

Selahattin Ülkümen

succeeded, at considerable risk to himself and his

family, in saving 42 Jewish families, about 200 persons in total, who had

Turkish citizenship or were family members of Turkish citizens.

In 1948, together with the other islands of the

Dodecanese
,

Rhodes was united with Greece.

In 1949, Rhodes was the venue for negotiations between

Israel
and

Egypt
,

Jordan
,

Lebanon
, and

Syria
, concluding

with the

1949 Armistice Agreements

.

Archaeology

In

ancient

times, Rhodes was home to one of the Seven Wonders of the World—the

Colossus of Rhodes

. This giant bronze statue was documented as once standing

at the harbour. It was completed in 280 BC but was destroyed in an

earthquake

in 224 BC. No trace of the statue remains today.

Historical

sites on the island of Rhodes include the

Acropolis of Lindos

, the

Acropolis of Rhodes

, the

Temple of Apollo

, ancient

Ialysos
,

ancient

Kamiros

, the

Governor’s Palace

,

Rhodes Old Town

(walled medieval city), the

Palace of the Grand Masters

,

Kahal Shalom Synagogue

in the

Jewish

Quarter
, the

Archeological Museum

, the ruins of the

castle of Monolithos

, the

castle of Kritinia

and

St. Catherine Hospice

.