SEPTIMIUS SEVERUS Nicopolis Ancient Roman Coin Asclepius daughter Salus 49422

Item: i49422

Authentic Ancient 

Coin of:

Septimius Severus
–
Roman Emperor
: 193-211 A.D. –

Bronze 17mm (2.58 grams) of

Nicopolis ad Istrum in Moesia Inferior   193-211 A.D. 

Laureate head right.
NIKOΠOΛI ΠPOC ICT,

Hygeia (Salus), 
daughter of medicine god

Asclepius, standing right holding serpent which she feeds from patera.

You are bidding on the exact item pictured, 

Authenticity.

In
Greek
and
Roman mythology
, Hygieia (also Hygiea 
or Hygeia, Greek Ὑγιεία or
Ὑγεία, Latin Hygēa or Hygīa), 
was the daughter of the god of medicine,
Asclepius
, and
Epione
. She was the goddess/personification of 
health, cleanliness and sanitation.

Hygieia 
and her five sisters each performed a facet of
Apollo
‘s art: Hygieia (“Hygiene” the 
goddess/personification of health, cleanliness, and sanitation),
Panacea
(the goddess of Universal remedy),

Iaso (the goddess of recuperation from illness),
Aceso
(the goddess of the healing process).

Hygieia also played an important part in her father’s
cult
. While her father was more directly 
associated with healing, she was associated with the prevention of sickness and 
the continuation of good health. Her name is the source of the word “hygiene“. 
She was imported by the Romans as the Goddess Valetudo, the goddess of personal 
health, but in time she started to be increasingly identified with the ancient 
Italian goddess of social welfare,
Salus
.

History

At Athens, Hygieia was the subject of a local cult since at least the 7th 
century BC. “Athena Hygieia” was one of the cult titles given to
Athena
, as Plutarch recounts of the building of 
the Parthenon
(447-432 BC):

However, the cult of Hygieia as an independent goddess did not begin to 
spread out until the
Delphic oracle
recognized her, and after the 
devastating
Plague of Athens
(430-427 BC) and in Rome in 
293 BC.

In the 2nd century AD,
Pausanias
noted the statues both of Hygieia and 
of Athena Hygieia near the entrance to the
Acropolis
of Athens.

Worship

Hygieia’s primary temples were in
Epidaurus
,
Corinth
,
Cos 
and Pergamon
.
Pausanias
remarked that, at the Asclepieion 
of Titane
in
Sicyon
(founded by
Alexanor
, Asclepius’ grandson), statues of 
Hygieia were covered by women’s hair and pieces of
Babylonian
clothes. According to inscriptions, 
the same sacrifices were offered at
Paros
.

Ariphron
, a Sicyonian artist from the 4th 
century BC wrote a well-known

hymn celebrating her. Statues of Hygieia were created by
Scopas
,
Bryaxis
and
Timotheus
, among others, but there is no clear 
description of what they looked like. She was often depicted as a young woman 
feeding a large snake that was wrapped around her body or drinking from a jar 
that she carried. These attributes were later adopted by the
Gallo-Roman
healing goddess,
Sirona
. Hygieia was accompanied by her brother,
Telesphorus
.

The
Pythagoreans
 
called the pentagram ὑγιεία Hugieia (“health”); also the Greek goddess of 
health, Hygieia
 
and saw in the pentagram a mathematical perfection.

Nicopolis ad Istrum was a

Roman
 

and Early

Byzantine

town founded by Emperor

Trajan
around 

101–106, at the junction of the Iatrus (Yantra) 

and the Rositsa
 

rivers, in memory of his victory over the

Dacians
. Its 

ruins are located at the village of

Nikyup

, 20 km north of

Veliko Tarnovo

in northern

Bulgaria
. 

The town reached its apogee during the reigns of Trajan,

Hadrian
, the

Antonines

and the

Severan dynasty

.

The classical town was planned according to the orthogonal system. The 

network of streets, the forum surrounded by an Ionic colonnade and many 

buildings, a two-nave room later turned into a basilica and other public 

buildings have been uncovered. The rich architectures and sculptures show a 

similarity with those of the ancient towns in Asia Minor. Nicopolis ad Istrum 

had issued coins, bearing images of its own public buildings.

In

447 AD

, the town was destroyed by

Attila’s

Huns
. 

Perhaps it was already abandoned before the early 400s. 

In the 6th century, it was rebuilt as a powerful fortress enclosing little more 

than military buildings and churches, following a very common trend for the 

cities of that century in the Danube area.The largest area of the extensive ruins (21.55 hectares) of the classical 

Nicopolis was not reoccupied since the fort covered only one fourth of it (5.75 

hectares), in the southeastern corner. 

The town became an episcopal centre during the early Byzantine period. It was 

finally destroyed by the Avar invasions at the end of the 6th century. A 

Bulgarian medieval settlement arose upon its ruins later (10th-14th century).

Nicopolis ad Istrum can be said to have been the birthplace of

Germanic

literary tradition. In the 4th century, the

Gothic
bishop, 

missionary and translator

Ulfilas
(Wulfila) 

obtained permission from Emperor

Constantius II

to immigrate with his flock of converts to Moesia and settle 

near Nicopolis ad Istrum in 347-8. 

There, he invented the

Gothic alphabet

and translated the

Bible
from

Greek

to

Gothic

.

Lucius Septimius Severus (or rarely Severus I) (April 11, 

145/146-February 4, 211) was a

Roman
 

general, and

Roman 

Emperor
from April 14, 193 to 211. He was born in what is now the

Berber
part of 

Rome’s historic

Africa Province

.

Septimius Severus was born and raised at

Leptis 

Magna
(modern Berber

, southeast of

Carthage
, 

modern Tunisia
). 

Severus came from a wealthy, distinguished family of

equestrian

rank. Severus was of

Italian

Roman ancestry on his mother’s side and of

Punic

or

Libyan

-Punic^[1] 

ancestry on his father’s. Little is known of his father,

Publius Septimius Geta

, who held no major political status but had two 

cousins who served as consuls under emperor

Antoninus Pius

. His mother, Fulvia Pia’s family moved from

Italy
to

North 

Africa
and was of the

Fulvius
gens, 

an ancient and politically influential clan, which was originally of

plebeian

status. His siblings were a younger

Publius Septimius Geta

and Septimia Octavilla. Severus’s maternal cousin was

Praetorian Guard

and consul

Gaius Fulvius Plautianus

.^[2]

In 172, Severus was made a

Senator
 

by the then emperor

Marcus Aurelius

. In 187 he married secondly

Julia 

Domna
. In 190 Severus became

consul
, and in 

the following year received from the emperor

Commodus
 

(successor to Marcus Aurelius) the command of the

legions
 

in Pannonia
.

On the murder of

Pertinax
by 

the troops in 193, they proclaimed Severus Emperor at

Carnuntum
, 

whereupon he hurried to Italy. The former emperor,

Didius Julianus

, was condemned to death by the Senate and killed, and 

Severus took possession of Rome without opposition.

The legions of

Syria

, however, had proclaimed

Pescennius Niger

emperor. At the same time, Severus felt it was reasonable 

to offer

Clodius Albinus

, the powerful governor of Britannia who had probably 

supported Didius against him, the rank of Caesar, which implied some claim to 

succession. With his rearguard safe, he moved to the East and crushed Niger’s 

forces at the

Battle of Issus

. The following year was devoted to suppressing Mesopotamia 

and other Parthian vassals who had backed Niger. When afterwards Severus 

declared openly his son

Caracalla
 

as successor, Albinus was hailed emperor by his troops and moved to Gallia. 

Severus, after a short stay in Rome, moved northwards to meet him. On

February 

19
, 197
, 

in the

Battle of Lugdunum

, with an army of 100,000 men, mostly composed of

Illyrian
,

Moesian
and

Dacian
legions, 

Severus defeated and killed Clodius Albinus, securing his full control over the 

Empire.

Emperor

Severus was at heart a

soldier
, and 

sought glory through military exploits. In 197 he waged a brief and successful 

war against the

Parthian Empire

in retaliation for the support given to Pescennius Niger. 

The Parthian capital

Ctesiphon
 

was sacked by the legions, and the northern half of

Mesopotamia

was restored to Rome.

His relations with the

Roman 

Senate
were never good. He was unpopular with them from the outset, having 

seized power with the help of the military, and he returned the sentiment. 

Severus ordered the execution of dozens of Senators on charges of corruption and

conspiracy

against him, replacing them with his own favorites.

He also disbanded the

Praetorian Guard

and replaced it with one of his own, made up of 50,000 

loyal soldiers mainly camped at

Albanum

, near Rome (also probably to grant the emperor a kind of centralized 

reserve). During his reign the number of legions was also increased from 25/30 

to 33. He also increased the number of auxiliary corps (numerii), many of 

these troops coming from the Eastern borders. Additionally the annual wage for a 

soldier was raised from 300 to 500

denarii
.

Although his actions turned Rome into a military

dictatorship

, he was popular with the citizens of Rome, having stamped out 

the rampant corruption of Commodus’s reign. When he returned from his victory 

over the Parthians, he erected the

Arch of Septimius Severus

in Rome.

According to Cassius Dio,^[3] 

however, after 197 Severus fell heavily under the influence of his Praetorian 

Prefect,

Gaius Fulvius Plautianus

, who came to have almost total control of most 

branches of the imperial administration. Plautianus’s daughter,

Fulvia Plautilla

, was married to Severus’s son, Caracalla. Plautianus’s 

excessive power came to an end in 205, when he was denounced by the Emperor’s 

dying brother and killed.^[4] 

The two following praefecti, including the jurist

Aemilius Papinianus

, received however even larger powers.

Campaigns in Caledonia (Scotland)

Starting from 208 Severus undertook a number of military actions in

Roman 

Britain
, reconstructing

Hadrian’s Wall

and campaigning in

Scotland
.

He reached the area of the

Moray 

Firth
in his last campaign in Caledonia, as was called Scotland by the 

Romans.^[5]. 

In 210 obtained a peace with the

Picts
that lasted 

practically until the final withdrawal of the Roman legions from Britain

[6]
, 

before falling severely ill in

Eboracum
(York).

Death

He is famously said to have given the advice to his sons: “Be harmonious, 

enrich the soldiers, and scorn all other men” before he died at Eboracum on

February 4
,

211^[7].

Upon his death in 211, Severus was

deified

by the Senate and succeeded by his sons,

Caracalla
 

and

Geta

, who were advised by his wife

Julia 

Domna
.^[8]

The stability Severus provided the Empire was soon gone under their reign.

Accomplishments and Record

Though his military expenditure was costly to the empire, Severus was the 

strong, able ruler that Rome needed at the time. He began a tradition of 

effective emperors elevated solely by the military. His policy of an expanded 

and better-rewarded army was criticized by his contemporary

Dio Cassius

and

Herodianus

: in particular, they pointed out the increasing burden (in the 

form of taxes and services) the civilian population had to bear to maintain the 

new army.

Severus was also distinguished for his buildings. Apart from the triumphal 

arch in the Roman Forum carrying his full name, he also built the

Septizodium

in Rome and enriched greatly his native city of

Leptis 

Magna
(including another triumphal arch on the occasion of his visit of 

203).

Severus and Christianity

Christians were

persecuted

during the reign of Septimus Severus. Severus allowed the 

enforcement of policies already long-established, which meant that Roman 

authorities did not intentionally seek out Christians, but when people were 

accused of being Christians they could either curse

Jesus
and make an 

offering to

Roman gods

, or be executed. Furthermore, wishing to strengthen the peace by 

encouraging religious harmony through

syncretism
, 

Severus tried to limit the spread of the two quarrelsome groups who refused to 

yield to syncretism by outlawing

conversion

to Christianity or

Judaism
. 

Individual officials availed themselves of the laws to proceed with rigor 

against the Christians. Naturally the emperor, with his strict conception of 

law, did not hinder such partial persecution, which took place in

Egypt
and the

Thebaid
, as 

well as in

Africa proconsularis

and the East. Christian

martyrs
were 

numerous in Alexandria

(cf.

Clement of Alexandria

, Stromata, ii. 20;

Eusebius

, Church History, V., xxvi., VI., i.). No less severe were 

the persecutions in Africa, which seem to have begun in 197 or 198 (cf.

Tertullian’s

Ad martyres), and included the Christians known in the

as the martyrs of

Madaura
. 

Probably in 202 or 203

Felicitas

and

Perpetua

suffered for their faith. Persecution again raged for a short time 

under the proconsul

Scapula
in 

211, especially in

Numidia
and

Mauritania
. 

Later accounts of a Gallic

persecution, especially at

Lyon, are 

legendary. In general it may thus be said that the position of the Christians 

under Septimius Severus was the same as under the

Antonines
; 

but the law of this Emperor at least shows clearly that the

rescript
of

Trajan
^[ 

neededclarification] had failed to execute its purpose..