VALENTINIAN I 364AD Ancient Roman Coin Nike Victory Cult Angel i40369

$100.00 $90.00

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SKU: i40369 Category:

Item: i40369

 

Authentic Ancient

Coin of:

 Valentinian
I
  – Roman Emperor: 364-375 A.D. –

 Bronze AE3 18mm (1.85 grams) Struck at the mint of Thessalonica
364-367 A.D.
Reference: RIC 18a.1 (Thessalonica), LRBC 1706 –
DNVALENTINIANVSPFAVG – Diademed, draped and cuirassed bust right.
SECVRITASREIPVBLICAE Exe: TESA –
Victory
 advancing left, holding wreath and
palm.

You are bidding on the exact item pictured,

provided with a Certificate of Authenticity and Lifetime Guarantee of

Authenticity.

 


File:Berlin - Siegessäule Spitze.jpg

In
ancient Roman religion
, Victoria was the
personified
goddess of victory. She is the
Roman equivalent
of the
Greek goddess

Nike
, and was associated with
Bellona
. She was adapted from the
Sabine
agricultural goddess
Vacuna
and had a
temple
on the
Palatine Hill
. The goddess
Vica Pota
was also sometimes identified with
Victoria.

Unlike the Greek
Nike
, the goddess Victoria (Latin
for “victory”) was a major part of Roman society. Multiple temples were erected
in her honor. When her statue was removed in 382 CE by Emperor
Gratianus
there was much anger in Rome. She was
normally worshiped by
triumphant
generals returning from war.

Also unlike the Greek Nike, who was known for success in athletic games such
as
chariot races
, Victoria was a symbol of victory
over death and determined who would be successful during war.

Victoria appears widely on Roman coins, jewelry, architecture, and other
arts. She is often seen with or in a
chariot
, as in the late 18th-century sculpture
representing Victory in a
quadriga
on the
Brandenburg Gate
in
Berlin
, Germany; “Il Vittoriano
in Rome has two.

Winged figures, very often in pairs, representing victory and referred to as
“victories”, were common in Roman official iconography, typically hovering high
in a composition, and often filling spaces in
spandrels
or other gaps in architecture. These
represent the spirit of victory rather than the goddess herself. They continued
to appear after Christianization of the Empire, and slowly mutated into
Christian angels
.


 

Flavius Valentinianus, known in English as

Valentinian I, (321

November

17
, 375
)

was Roman Emperor

from 364 until his death. Valentinian is often referred to as

the “last great western emperor”.[1]

Both he and his brother Emperor

Valens
were

born at

Cibalae

(modern days

Vinkovci
,

Croatia
), in

Pannonia
,

the sons of a successful general,

Gratian the Elder

.

//

File:Colosso-de-barletta.jpg

Life

He had been an officer who served under the emperors

Julian

and Jovian

, and had risen high in the imperial service. Of robust frame and

distinguished appearance, he possessed great courage and military capacity.

After the death of Jovian, he was chosen emperor in his forty-third year by the

officers of the army at

Nicaea

in Bithynia

on

February

26
, 364, and shortly afterwards named his brother

Valens

colleague with him in the empire.

The two brothers, after passing through the chief cities of

the neighbouring district, arranged the partition of the empire at

Naissus

(Nissa) in Upper

Moesia
. As

Western Roman Emperor, Valentinian took

Italia

,

Illyricum

, Hispania

, the Gauls
,

Britain

and

Africa

, leaving to

Eastern Roman Emperor

Valens the eastern half of the

Balkan peninsula

,

Greece
,

Aegyptus

,

Syria

and

Asia Minor

as far as

Persia

. They were immediately confronted by the revolt of

Procopius

, a relative of the deceased Julian. Valens defeated his army at

Thyatira

in Lydia

in 366, and Procopius was executed shortly afterwards.

During the short reign of Valentinian there were wars in

Africa, in Germany

, and in Britain, and

Rome came into

collision with

barbarian

peoples, specifically the

Burgundians

and the

Saxons
.

Valentinian’s chief work was guarding the frontiers and

establishing military positions.

Milan
was at

first his headquarters for settling the affairs of northern Italy. The following

year (365) Valentinian was at

Paris
, and then

at

Reims

, to direct the operations of his generals against the

Alamanni
.

These people, defeated at Scarpona (Charpeigne) and Catelauni (Châlons-en-Champagne)

by Jovinus, were driven back to the German bank of the

Rhine
, and

checked for a while by a chain of military posts and fortresses. At the close of

367, however, they suddenly crossed the Rhine, attacked Moguntiacum (Mainz)

and plundered the city. Valentinian attacked them at Solicinium (Sulz

am Neckar, in the

Neckar

valley
, or

Schwetzingen

) with a large army, and defeated them with great slaughter. But

his own losses were so considerable that Valentinian abandoned the idea of

following up his success.

Later, in 371, Valentinian made peace with their king,

Macrian
, who

from that time remained a true friend of the

Romans
.

The next three years he spent at

Trier
, which he

chiefly made his headquarters, organizing the defence of the Rhine frontier, and

personally superintending the construction of numerous forts.

During his reign the coasts of Gaul were harassed by the

Saxon pirates, with whom the

Picts
and

Scots

of northern Britain joined hands, and ravaged the island from the

Antonine Wall

to the shores of

Kent. In 368

Count Theodosius

was sent to drive back the invaders; in this he was

completely successful, and established a new British province, called

Valentia

in honour of the emperor.

In Africa,

Firmus

raised the standard of revolt, being joined by the provincials, who

had been rendered desperate by the cruelty and extortions of

Comes
Romanus,

the military governor. The services of Theodosius were again requisitioned. He

landed in Africa with a small band of veterans, and Firmus, to avoid being taken

prisoner, committed suicide.

In 374, the

Quadi
, a

Germanic tribe

in what is now

Moravia
and

Slovakia
,

resenting the erection of Roman forts to the north of the

Danube
in what

they considered to be their own territory, and further exasperated by the

treacherous murder of their king,

Gabinius
,

crossed the river and laid waste the province of Pannonia. The emperor in April,

375 entered Illyricum with a powerful army. But during an audience to an embassy

from the Quadi at

Brigetio

on the Danube (near today Komárno in Slovakia), Valentinian

suffered a burst

blood

vessel
in the skull while angrily yelling at the people gathered. This

injury resulted in his death on November 17, 375.

Reputation

A.H.M. Jones

writes that though he was “less of a boor” than his chief rival

for election to the imperial throne, “he was of a violent and brutal temper, and

not only uncultivated himself, but hostile to cultivated persons”, as

Ammianus

tells us, ‘he hated the well-dressed and educated and wealthy and

well-born’. He was, however, an able soldier and a conscientious administrator,

and took an interest in the welfare of the humbler classes, from which his

father had risen. Unfortunately his good intentions were often frustrated by a

bad choice of ministers, and an obstinate belief in their merits despite all

evidence to the contrary.”[2]

According to the

Encyclopædia Britannica 1911

, he was a founder of schools, and provided

medical attendance for the poor of

Rome, by appointing

a physician for each of the fourteen districts of the city.

Valentinian was a

Christian

but permitted liberal religious freedom to all his subjects, proscribing only

some forms of rituals such as particular types of sacrifices, and banning the

practice of magic. Against all abuses, both civil and ecclesiastical (excepting,

of course, his own excesses), Valentinian steadily set his face, even against

the increasing wealth and worldliness of the clergy. His chief flaw was his

temper, which at times was frightful, and showed itself in its full fierceness

in the punishment of persons accused of witchcraft, some kinds of

fortune-telling or magical practices.”


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