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Russia Nicholas II – Russian Emperor: 1894-1917 1914
Copper 1 Kopeck 21mm (3.22 grams) St. Petersburg Mint Reference: Y# 9.2 МѢДНАЯ РОССІЙСКАЯ МОНЕТА ОДНА КОПѢЙКА, Crowned double-headed imperial eagle within circle. Nine shields (Annexed Duchy’s Coat-of-Arms into Russia) upon crowned double-headed imperial eagle. 1912 ГОДА * 1 * КОПѢЙКА С.П.Б., Value flanked by stars within beaded circle.
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Nicholas II (Russian: Николай II, Николай Александрович Романов, tr. Nikolay II, Nikolay Alexandrovich Romanov) (18 May [O.S. 6 May] 1868 – 17 July 1918) was the last Tsar of Russia, Grand Duke of Finland, and titular King of Poland. His official title was Nicholas II, Emperor and Autocrat of All the Russias and he is currently regarded as Saint Nicholas the Passion-Bearer by the Russian Orthodox Church.
Nicholas II ruled from 1894 until his abdication on 15 March 1917. His reign saw Imperial Russia go from being one of the foremost great powers of the world to an economic and military disaster. Critics nicknamed him Bloody Nicholas because of the Khodynka Tragedy, Bloody Sunday, and the anti-Semitic pogroms that occurred during his reign. Under his rule, Russia was defeated in the Russo-Japanese War. As head of state, he approved the Russian mobilization of August 1914, which marked the first fatal step into World War I and thus into the demise of the Romanov dynasty less than four years later.
<p align="justify" nicholas="" ii="" abdicated="" following="" the="" february="" revolution="" of="" 1917="" during="" which="" he="" and="" his="" family="" were="" imprisoned="" first="" in="" alexander="" palace="" at="" tsarskoye="" selo,="" then="" later="" governor's="" mansion="" tobolsk,="" finally="" ipatiev="" house="" yekaterinburg.="" ii,="" wife,="" son,="" four="" daughters,="" family's="" medical="" doctor,="" tsar's="" valet,="" empress'="" lady-in-waiting="" cook="" all="" executed="" same="" room="" by="" bolsheviks="" on="" night="" 16="" 17="" july="" 1918.="" this="" led="" to="" canonization="" wife="" empress="" their="" children="" as="" martyrs="" various="" groups="" tied="" russian="" orthodox="" church="" within="" russia="" and,="" prominently,="" outside="" russia.
A coat of arms is a unique heraldic design on a shield or escutcheon or on a surcoat or tabard used to cover and protect armour and to identify the wearer. Thus the term is often stated as “coat-armour”, because it was anciently displayed on the front of a coat of cloth. The coat of arms on an escutcheon forms the central element of the full heraldic achievement which consists of shield, supporters, crest and motto. The design is a symbol unique to an individual person, and to his family, corporation, or state. Such displays are commonly called armorial bearingss, armorial devices, heraldic devices, or simply armorials or arms.
Historically, armorial bearings were first used by feudal lords and knights in the mid-12th century on battlefields as a way to identify allied from enemy soldiers. As the uses for heraldic designs expanded, other social classes who never would march in battle began to assume arms for themselves. Initially, those closest to the lords and knights adopted arms, such as persons employed as squires that would be in common contact with the armorial devices. Then priests and other ecclesiastical dignities adopted coats of arms, usually to be used as seals and other such insignia, and then towns and cities to likewise seal and authenticate documents. Eventually by the mid-13th century, peasants, commoners and burghers were adopting heraldic devices. The widespread assumption of arms led some states to regulate heraldry within their borders. However, in most of continental Europe, citizens freely adopted armorial bearings.
Despite no widespread regulation, and even with a lack in many cases of national-level regulation, heraldry has remained rather consistent across Europe, where traditions alone have governed the design and use of arms. Unlike seals and other general emblems, heraldic achievements have a formal description called a blazon, expressed in a jargon that allows for consistency in heraldic depictions.
<pin the="" 21st="" century,="" coats="" of="" arms="" are="" still="" in="" use="" by="" a="" variety="" institutions="" and="" individuals;="" for="" example,="" universities="" have="" guidelines="" on="" how="" their="" may="" be="" used,="" protect="" as="" trademarks.="" many="" societies="" exist="" that="" also="" aid="" design="" registration="" personal="" arms,="" some="" nations,="" like="" england="" scotland,="" maintain="" to="" this="" day="" mediæval="" authorities="" grant="" regulate="" arms.=""
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