Pella Macedonia 158BC Athena Bull Ancient i22735 ANCIENT Rare Greek Coin i22735

Item:

Authentic Ancient

Coin of:

GREEK City of Pella, Macedonia
Bronze 19mm (7.56 grams) Struck 158-149 B.C.
Reference: Sear 1446; Moushmov 6453; SNGCop 266ff.
Helmeted head of Athena Parthenos right
ΠEΛ-ΛHΣ, bull grazing right.

The city was founded by Archelaus I of Macedon (413–399 BC) as
the capital of his kingdom, replacing the older palace-city of Aigai (Vergina).
After this, it was the seat of King Philip II of Macedon and of Alexander the
Great, his son. In 168 BC, it was sacked by the Romans, and its treasury
transported to Rome. Later, the city was destroyed by an earthquake and
eventually was rebuilt over its ruins. By 180 AD, Lucian could describe it in
passing as “now insignificant, with very few inhabitants”.

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In
Greek religion
and
mythology
, Athena or Athene, also
referred to as Pallas Athena/Athene , is the goddess of wisdom, courage,
inspiration, civilization, law and justice, just warfare, mathematics, strength,
strategy, the arts, crafts, and skill.
Minerva
is the
Roman goddess

identified with
Athena.

Athena is also a shrewd companion of

heroes and is the
goddess
of heroic endeavour. She is the
virgin
patroness of
Athens
. The Athenians founded the
Parthenon
on the Acropolis of her namesake
city, Athens (Athena Parthenos), in her honour.

Athena’s veneration as the patron of Athens seems to have existed from the
earliest times, and was so persistent that archaic myths about her were recast
to adapt to cultural changes. In her role as a protector of the city (polis),
many people throughout the Greek world worshiped Athena as Athena Polias
(Ἀθηνᾶ Πολιάς “Athena of the city”). The city of
Athens
and the goddess Athena essentially bear
the same name,
“Athenai” meaning “[many] Athenas”.

Patroness

Athenian
tetradrachm
representing the
goddess Athena

Athena as the goddess of philosophy became an aspect of the cult in Classical
Greece during the late 5th century B.C. She is the patroness of various crafts, especially of
weaving
, as Athena Ergane, and was
honored as such at festivals such as
Chalceia
. The metalwork of weapons also fell
under her patronage. She led battles (Athena
Promachos or the warrior maiden Athena Parthenos)
as the disciplined, strategic side of war, in contrast to her brother

Ares, the patron of violence, bloodlust and slaughter—”the raw force
of war”.
Athena’s wisdom includes the cunning intelligence (metis) of such figures
as Odysseus
. Not only was this version of Athena
the opposite of Ares in combat, it was also the polar opposite of the serene
earth goddess version of the deity, Athena Polias.

Athena appears in Greek mythology as the patron and helper of many heroes,
including Odysseus
,
Jason
, and
Heracles
. In
Classical Greek
myths, she never consorts with
a lover, nor does she ever marry,earning the title Athena Parthenos. A remnant of archaic myth depicts her
as the adoptive mother of
Erechtheus
/Erichthonius
through the foiled rape by
Hephaestus
.
Other variants relate that Erichthonius, the serpent that accompanied Athena,
was born to
Gaia
: when the rape failed, the semen landed on
Gaia and impregnated her. After Erechthonius was born, Gaia gave him to Athena.

Though Athena is a goddess of war strategy, she disliked fighting
without
purpose and preferred to use wisdom to settle predicaments.The goddess
only encouraged fighting for a reasonable cause or to resolve
conflict. As patron of Athens she fought in the Trojan war on the side
of the
Achaeans.

Mythology

Lady of Athens

Athena competed with
Poseidon
to be the patron deity of Athens,
which was yet unnamed, in a version of one
founding myth
. They agreed that each would give
the Athenians one gift and that the Athenians would choose the gift they
preferred. Poseidon struck the ground with his
trident
and a salt water spring sprang up; this
gave them a means of trade and water—Athens at its height was a significant sea
power, defeating the
Persian
fleet at the
Battle of Salamis
—but the water was salty and
not very good for drinking.

Athena, however, offered them the first domesticated
olive tree
. The Athenians (or their king,
Cecrops
) accepted the olive tree and with it
the patronage of Athena, for the olive tree brought wood, oil, and food.
Robert Graves
was of the opinion that
“Poseidon’s attempts to take possession of certain cities are political myths”
which reflect the conflict between matriarchal and patriarchal religions.

Other sites of cult

Athena also was the patron goddess of several other Greek cities, notably
Sparta, where the archaic cult of
Athena Alea
had its sanctuaries in the
surrounding villages of
Mantineia
and, notably,
Tegea
. In Sparta itself, the temple of Athena
Khalkíoikos (Athena “of the Brazen House”, often
latinized
as Chalcioecus) was the
grandest and located on the Spartan acropolis; presumably it had a roof of
bronze. The forecourt of the Brazen House was the place where the most solemn
religious functions in Sparta took place.

Tegea was an important religious center of ancient Greece,
containing the Temple of
Athena Alea
. The temenos was founded by
Aleus
,
Pausanias
was informed.
Votive bronzes at the site from the Geometric and Archaic periods take the forms
of horses and deer; there are
sealstone
and
fibulae
. In the Archaic period the nine
villages that underlie Tegea banded together in a
synoecism
to form one city.
Tegea was listed in Homer
‘s
Catalogue of Ships
as one of the cities that
contributed ships and men for the
Achaean assault on Troy
.

Judgment of Paris

Aphrodite is being surveyed by Paris, while Athena (the leftmost
figure) and Hera stand nearby.
El Juicio de Paris
by
Enrique Simonet
, ca. 1904

All the gods and goddesses as well as various mortals were invited to the
marriage of Peleus
and
Thetis
(the eventual parents of
Achilles
). Only
Eris
, goddess of discord, was not invited. She
was annoyed at this, so she arrived with a golden apple inscribed with the word
καλλίστῃ (kallistēi, “for the fairest”), which she threw among the goddesses.
Aphrodite, Hera, and Athena all claimed to be the fairest, and thus the rightful
owner of the apple.

The goddesses chose to place the matter before Zeus, who, not wanting to
favor one of the goddesses, put the choice into the hands of Paris, a

Trojan prince. After bathing in the spring of
Mount Ida
(where Troy was situated), the
goddesses appeared before Paris. The goddesses undressed and presented
themselves to Paris naked, either at his request or for the sake of winning.

Paris is awarding the apple to Aphrodite, while Athena makes a face.
Urteil des Paris by
Anton Raphael Mengs
, ca. 1757

Still, Paris could not decide, as all three were ideally beautiful, so they
resorted to bribes. Hera tried to bribe Paris with control over all

Asia and Europe
, while Athena offered wisdom, fame and
glory in battle, but Aphrodite came forth and whispered to Paris that if he were
to choose her as the fairest he would have the most beautiful mortal woman in
the world as a wife, and he accordingly chose her. This woman was
Helen
, who was, unfortunately for Paris,
already married to King
Menelaus
of
Sparta
. The other two goddesses were enraged by
this and through Helen’s abduction by Paris they brought about the
Trojan War
.

The Parthenon
, Temple of Athena
Parthenos

Masculinity and
feminism

Athena had an “androgynous compromise” that allowed her traits and what she
stood for to be attributed to male and female rulers alike over the course of
history (such as Marie de’ Medici, Anne of Austria, Christina of Sweden, and
Catherine the Great)

J.J. Bachofen advocated that Athena was originally a maternal figure stable
in her security and poise but was caught up and perverted by a patriarchal
society; this was especially the case in Athens. The goddess adapted but could
very easily be seen as a god. He viewed it as “motherless paternity in the place
of fatherless maternity” where once altered, Athena’s character was to be
crystallized as that of a patriarch.

Whereas Bachofen saw the switch to paternity on Athena’s behalf as an
increase of power, Freud on the contrary perceived Athena as an “original mother
goddess divested of her power”. In this interpretation, Athena was demoted to be
only Zeus’s daughter, never allowed the expression of motherhood. Still more
different from Bachofen’s perspective is the lack of role permanency in Freud’s
view: Freud held that time and differing cultures would mold Athena to stand for
what was necessary to them.

Pella (Greek:

Πέλλα), an ancient city located in

Pella Prefecture

of

Macedonia

in Greece

, was the

capital

of the

ancient

kingdom

of

Macedon

. A common

folk etymology

is traditionally given for the name Pella, ascribing

it to a form akin to the

Doric

Apella
,

originally meaning a ceremonial location where decisions were made.^[1]

However, the local form of Greek was not Doric, and the word exactly matches

standard Greek pélla “stone”, undoubtedly referring to a famous landmark

from the time of its foundation.^[2]

//

 History

The city was founded by

Archelaus

(413–399

BC) as the capital of his kingdom, replacing the older palace-city of

Aigai
(Vergina).

After this, it was the seat of the king

Philip II

and of

Alexander

, his son. In

168 BC
, it was

sacked by the

Romans
,

and its treasury transported to

Rome. Later, the

city was destroyed by an

earthquake

and eventually was rebuilt over its ruins. By 180 AD,

Lucian
could

describe it in passing as “now insignificant, with very few inhabitants”.

Pella is first mentioned by

Herodotus

of

Halicarnassus
(VII, 123) in relation to

Xerxes

‘ campaign and by

Thucydides

(II, 99,4 and 100,4) in relation to Macedonian expansion and the war against

Sitalces
,

the king of the Thracians

. According to

Xenophon
,

in the beginning of the 4th century BC, it was the largest Macedonian city. It

was probably built as the capital of the kingdom by Archelaus, although there

appears to be some possibility that it may have been

Amyntas

. It attracted Greek artists such the painter

Zeuxis

, the poet

Timotheus

of

Miletus
and the

tragic author

Euripides

who finishes his days there writing and producing Archelaus.

Archelaus invited the painter

Zeuxis
, the

greatest painter of the time, to decorate it. He was later the host of the

Athenian playwright

Euripides

in his retirement. Euripides

premiered here, about

408 BC
. Pella

was the birthplace of Philip II and of Alexander, his son. The hilltop

palace
of

Philip, where Aristotle

tutored young Alexander, is being excavated.

In antiquity, Pella was a port connected to the

Thermaic Gulf

by a navigable

inlet
, but the

harbor has silted, leaving the site landlocked. The reign of

Antigonus

likely represented the height of the city, as this is the period

which has left us the most archaeological remains.

Pella is further mentioned by

Polybius

and Livy
as the

capital of

Philip V

and of

Perseus

during the

Macedonian Wars

, fought against the

Roman Republic

. In the writings of Livy, we find the only description of how

the city looked in 167 BC

to

Lucius Aemilius Paulus Macedonicus

, the Roman who defeated Perseus at the

battle

of Pydna
:

…[Paulus] observed that it was not without good reason that it had been

chosen as the royal residence. It is situated on the south-west slope of a

hill and surrounded by a marsh too deep to be crossed on foot either in

summer or winter. The citadel the “Phacus,” which is close to the city,

stands in the marsh itself, projecting like an island, and is built on a

huge substructure which is strong enough to carry a wall and prevent any

damage from the infiltration from the water of the lagoon. At a distance it

appears to be continuous with the city wall, but it is really separated by a

channel which flows between the two walls and is connected with the city by

a bridge. Thus it cuts off all means of access from an external foe, and if

the king shut anyone up there, there could be no possibility of escape

except by the bridge, which could be very easily guarded..^[3]

The famous poet Aratus

died in Pella ca

240 BC
. Pella

was sacked by the Romans in

168 BC
, when

its treasury was transported to Rome.

In the

Roman province of Macedonia

, Pella was the capital of the third district,

and was possibly the seat of the Roman governor. Crossed by the

Via

Egnatia
^[4],

Pella remained a significant point on the route between

Dyrrachium

and

Thessalonika

. Cicero

stayed there in

58 BC
, but by

then the provincial seat had already transferred to Thessalonika. It was then

destroyed by earthquake in the first century BC; shops and workshops dating from

the catastrophe have been found with remains of their merchandise. The city was

eventually rebuilt over its ruins, which preserved them, but, ca

AD 180

,

Lucian

of Samosata

could describe it in passing as “now insignificant, with very few

inhabitants”

[5]

The city went into decline for reasons unknown (possibly an earthquake) by

the end of the 1st century BC. It was the object of a colonial deduction

sometime between 45 and

30 BC
; in any

case currency was marked Colonia Iulia Augusta Pella.

Augustus

settled peasants there whose land he had usurped to give to his veterans (Dio

Cassius LI, 4). But unlike other Macedonian colonies such as

Philippi
,

Dion

, and

Cassandreia

it never came under the jurisdiction of

Italicum
or Roman law. Four pairs of colonial magistrates (IIvirs

quinquennales) are known for this period.

The decline of the city was rapid, in spite of colonization:

Dio

Chrysostom
( 33.27Or.)

and Lucian
both

attest to the ruin of the ancient capital of Philip II and Alexander; though

their accounts may be exaggerated. In fact, the Roman city was somewhat to the

west of and distinct from the original capital; which explains some

contradictions between coinage,

epigraphs

, and testimonial accounts. In the Byzantine period, the Roman site

was occupied by a fortified village.

 The

site

 Urban

area

The city is built on the

island

of Phacos

, a

promontory

which dominates the wetlands which encircle Pella to the south, and a lake which

opened to the sea in the

Hellenistic period

.

 Palace

The city wall mentioned by Livy is only partly known. It consists of a

rampart of crude bricks (about 50 cm square) raised on a stone foundation; some

of which has been located North of the palace, and some in the South next to the

lake. Inside the ramparts, three hills occupy the North, and the palace is

situated on a place of honour on the central hill. Partly searched, it occupied

a considerable area of perhaps 60,000 square metres). The plan is still not well

known, but has been related to that of the city plan (see diagram).

The Pella palace consisted of several — possibly seven — large architectural

groupings juxtaposed in two rows, each including a series of rooms arranged

around a central square courtyard, generally with porticos. Archaeologists have

thus far identified a

palaestra

and baths

. The south facade of the palace, towards the city, consisted of one

large (at least 153 metres long) portico, constructed on a two metres high

foundation. The relationship between the four principal complexes is defined by

an interruption in the portico occuupied by a triple

propylaeum

, 15 m high, which gave the palace an imposing monumental air when

seen from the city below.

Dating of the palace has posed some problems: the large buildings could date

the reign of Philip II, but other buildings appear to be earlier. The baths date

from the reign of

Cassander
.

The size of the complex indicates that, unlike the palace at Vergina, this

was not only a royal residence or a grandiose monument but also a place of

government which was required to accommodate a portion of the administrative

apparatus of the kingdom.

 Hippodamean

plan

The city proper was located south of and below the palace. Designed on a

grid plan

as envisaged by

Hippodamus

, it consists of two series of parallel streets which intersect at

right angles and form a grid of eight rows of rectangular blocks. These blocks

are of a consistent width — each approximately 45 m — and a length which varies

from 111 m to 152 m, 125 metres being the most common. The streets are from 9 to

10 metres wide, except for the middle East–West arterial, which is up to 15

metres wide. This street is the primary access to the central public

agora
, which

occupied a space of ten blocks. Two North-South streets area also a bit wider

than the rest, and serve to connect the city to the port further South. The

streets had sewers and were equipped to convey water to individual residences.

This type of plan dates to the first half of the fourth century BC, and is

very close to the ideal in design, though it distinguishes itself by large block

size; Olynthus

in

Chalcidice

for example had blocks of 86.3×35 metres. On the other hand,

later Hellenistic urban foundations have blocks comparable to those of Pella:

112×58 m in Laodicea ad Mare

, or 120×46 m in

Aleppo
.

The agora holds pride of place in the centre of the city, occupying an

imposing 200 by 181 metres; 262×238 metres if one counts the potrticos which

surround it on all sides.

 Archaeology

Based on the descriptions provided by

Titus Livius

, the site was explored by 19th-century voyagers including

Holand, Pouqueville, Beaujour, Cousinéry, Delacoulonche, Hahn, Glotz and Struck.

The first excavation was begun by G. Oikonomos in 1914–15. The modern systematic

exploration of the site began in 1953 and full excavation was being done in

1957. The first series of campaigns were completed in 1963, more excavations

following in 1980. These digs continue in the section identified as the agora.

In February 2006, a farmer accidentally uncovered the largest tomb ever found

in Greece. The names of the noble

ancient Macedonian

family are still on inscriptions and painted sculptures

and walls have survived. The tomb dates to the

2nd

or 3rd century BC, following the rule of Alexander the Great.^[6]

Archaeological digs in progress since 1957 have uncovered a small part of the

city, which was made rich by Alexander and his heirs. The large agora or market

was surrounded by the shaded colonnades of

stoae, and streets

of enclosed houses with frescoed walls round inner courtyards. The first

wall murals imitating perspective views ever seen were on

walls at Pella. There are

temples

to Aphrodite
,

Demeter
and

Cybele
, and

Pella’s pebble-mosaic floors, dating after the lifetime of Alexander, are

famous: some reproduce Greek paintings; one shows a lion-griffin attacking a

stag, a familiar motif also of

Scythian

art, another depicts

Dionysus

riding a leopard.