Sardes in Asia Minor 133BC Ancient Greek Coin Nude Apollo Young Hercules i51755

Item: i51755

Authentic Ancient

Coin of:

Greek city of

Sardes in
Lydia

Bronze 18mm (8.45 grams) Struck 133-80 B.C.

Reference: Sear 4734

Laureate head of young Hercules right, lion’s skin knotted round.

Naked Apollo standing left, holding raven and laurel-branch; ΣΑΡΔΙΑΝΩΝ behind,

monogram to left; all within laurel wreath.

The ancient capital of the Lydian Kings, Sardeis lay under a

fortified hill in the Hermos valley, at the important road junction. In the

pre-Alexandrian age it was the center of the principal Persian satrapy, ad in

all probability the mint-place of much of the Persian imperial coinage of darics

and sigloi. In 189 B.C. it came under the rule of the Attalids of Pergamon, and

fifty-six years later it passes to the Romans.

You are bidding on the exact item pictured,

Authenticity.

Hercules is the Roman name for the Greek
divine

hero Heracles
, who was the son of

Zeus (Roman equivalent
Jupiter
) and the mortal
Alcmene
. In
classical mythology
, Hercules is famous for his
strength and for his numerous far-ranging adventures.

The Romans adapted the Greek hero’s iconography and myths for their
literature and art under the name Hercules. In later
Western art
and literature and in
popular culture
, Hercules is more
commonly used than Heracles as the name of the hero. Hercules was a
multifaceted figure with contradictory characteristics, which enabled later
artists and writers to pick and choose how to represent him. This article
provides an introduction to representations of Hercules in the
later tradition
.

Labours

Hercules is known for his many adventures, which took him to the far reaches
of the
Greco-Roman world
. One cycle of these
adventures became
canonical
as the “Twelve Labours,” but the list
has variations. One traditional order of the labours is found in the
Bibliotheca
as follows:

1. Slay the
   Nemean Lion
   .
2. Slay the nine-headed
   Lernaean Hydra
   .
3. Capture the
   Golden Hind of Artemis
   .
4. Capture the
   Erymanthian Boar
   .
5. Clean the Augean
   stables in a single day.
6. Slay the
   Stymphalian Birds
   .
7. Capture the
   Cretan Bull
   .
8. Steal the
   Mares of Diomedes
   .
9. Obtain the girdle of
   Hippolyta
   , Queen of the
   Amazons
   .
10. Obtain the cattle of the monster
    Geryon
    .
11. Steal the apples of the
    Hesperides
    .
12. Capture and bring back
    Cerberus
    .

The Latin
name Hercules was borrowed through
Etruscan
, where it is represented variously as
Heracle
, Hercle, and other forms. Hercules was
a favorite subject for
Etruscan art
, and appears often on
bronze mirrors
. The Etruscan form Herceler
derives from the Greek Heracles via
syncope
. A mild oath invoking Hercules (Hercule!
or Mehercle!) was a common
interjection
in
Classical Latin
.

Hercules had a number of
myths
that were distinctly Roman. One of these
is Hercules’ defeat of
Cacus
, who was terrorizing the countryside of
Rome. The hero was associated with the
Aventine Hill
through his son
Aventinus
.
Mark Antony
considered him a personal patron
god, as did the emperor
Commodus
. Hercules received various forms of
religious veneration
, including as a
deity concerned with children and childbirth
,
in part because of myths about his precocious infancy, and in part because he
fathered countless children. Roman brides wore a special belt tied with the “knot
of Hercules“, which was supposed to be hard to untie.^[4]
The comic playwright
Plautus
presents the myth of Hercules’
conception as a sex comedy in his play
Amphitryon
;
Seneca
wrote the tragedy Hercules Furens
about his bout with madness. During the
Roman Imperial era
, Hercules was worshipped
locally from Hispania
through

Gaul.

Medieval mythography

After the Roman Empire became
Christianized
, mythological narratives were
often reinterpreted as
allegory
, influenced by the philosophy of
late antiquity
. In the 4th century,
Servius
had described Hercules’ return from the
underworld as representing his ability to overcome earthly desires and vices, or
the earth itself as a consumer of bodies. In medieval mythography, Hercules was
one of the heroes seen as a strong role model who demonstrated both valor and
wisdom, with the monsters he battles as moral obstacles. One
glossator
noted that when
Hercules became a constellation
, he showed that
strength was necessary to gain entrance to Heaven.

Medieval mythography was written almost entirely in Latin, and original Greek
texts were little used as sources for Hercules’ myths.

Renaissance
mythography

The Renaissance
and the invention of the
printing press
brought a renewed interest in
and publication of Greek literature. Renaissance mythography drew more
extensively on the Greek tradition of Heracles, typically under the Romanized
name Hercules, or the alternate name
Alcides
. In a chapter of his book
Mythologiae (1567), the influential mythographer
Natale Conti
collected and summarized an
extensive range of myths concerning the birth, adventures, and death of the hero
under his Roman name Hercules. Conti begins his lengthy chapter on Hercules with
an overview description that continues the moralizing impulse of the Middle
Ages:

Hercules, who subdued and destroyed monsters, bandits, and criminals, was
justly famous and renowned for his great courage. His great and glorious
reputation was worldwide, and so firmly entrenched that he’ll always be
remembered. In fact the ancients honored him with his own temples, altars,
ceremonies, and priests. But it was his wisdom and great soul that earned
those honors; noble blood, physical strength, and political power just
aren’t good enough.

In

Greek

and

Roman mythology

, Apollo
,

is one of the most important and diverse of the

Olympian deities

. The ideal of the

kouros
(a

beardless youth), Apollo has been variously recognized as a god of light and the

sun; truth and prophecy;

archery
;

medicine and healing; music, poetry, and the arts; and more. Apollo is the son

of Zeus
and

Leto, and has a

twin

sister, the chaste huntress

Artemis
.

Apollo is known in Greek-influenced

Etruscan mythology

as Apulu. Apollo was worshiped in both

ancient Greek

and

Roman religion

, as well as in the modern

Greco

–Roman

Neopaganism

.

As the patron of Delphi

(Pythian Apollo), Apollo was an

oracular

god — the prophetic deity of the

Delphic Oracle
.

Medicine and healing were associated with Apollo, whether through the god

himself or mediated through his son

Asclepius
,

yet Apollo was also seen as a god who could bring ill-health and deadly

plague

as well as one who had the ability to cure. Amongst the god’s

custodial charges, Apollo became associated with dominion over

colonists

, and as the patron defender of herds and flocks. As the leader of

the Muses
(Apollon

Musagetes) and director of their choir, Apollo functioned as the patron god

of music and poetry
.

Hermes
created

the lyre
for him,

and the instrument became a common

attribute

of Apollo. Hymns sung to Apollo were called

paeans
.

In Hellenistic times, especially during the third century BCE, as Apollo

Helios he became identified among Greeks with

Helios
,

god of

the sun
, and his sister Artemis similarly equated with

Selene
,

goddess

of the moon
.

In Latin texts, on the other hand, Joseph Fontenrose declared himself unable to

find any conflation of Apollo with

Sol

among the

Augustan poets

of the first century, not even in the conjurations of

Aeneas
and

Latinus
in

Aeneid
XII

(161–215).

Apollo and Helios/Sol remained separate beings in literary and mythological

texts until the third century CE.

Sardis or Sardes was an ancient city at the location of modern
Sart (Sartmahmut before 19 October 2005) in
Turkey
‘s
Manisa Province
. Sardis was the capital of the ancient kingdom of
Lydia
,^[1]
one of the important cities of the
Persian Empire
, the seat of a
proconsul

under the
Roman
Empire
, and the metropolis of the province Lydia in later Roman and
Byzantine
times. As one of the
Seven churches of Asia
, it was addressed by the author John of the
Book of Revelation
in the Holy Bible in terms which seem to imply that its
population was notoriously soft and fainthearted. Its importance was due, first
to its military strength, secondly to its situation on an important highway
leading from the interior to the
Aegean

coast, and thirdly to its commanding the wide and fertile plain of the
Hermus
.

Geography

 

Sardis was situated in the middle of
Hermus

valley, at the foot of
Mount Tmolus
, a steep and lofty spur which formed the citadel. It was about
4 kilometres (2.5 mi) south of the Hermus. Today, the site is located by the
present day village of Sart, near
Salihli
in
the Manisa province of Turkey, close to the
Ankara
–
İzmir
highway
(approximately 72 kilometres (45 mi) from
İzmir
). The part
of remains including the bath-gymnasium complex, synagogue and Byzantine shops
is open to visitors year-round.

History

 

The earliest reference to Sardis is in the
The
Persians
of
Aeschylus

(472 BC); in the Iliad
, the name Hyde seems to be given to the city of the
Maeonian
(i.e.
Lydian
)
chiefs, and in later times Hyde was said to be the older name of Sardis, or the
name of its citadel
. It is, however, more probable that Sardis was not the original
capital of the Maeonians, but that it became so amid the changes which produced
the powerful
Lydian empire
of the 8th century BC.

The city was captured by the
Cimmerians

in the 7th century BC, by the
Persians
in the 6th, by the
Athenians
in
the 5th, and by
Antiochus III the Great
at the end of the 3rd century BC. In the Persian
era, Sardis was conquered by
Cyrus the Great
and formed the end station for the Persian
Royal Road

which began in
Persepolis
,
capital of
Persia
. During the
Ionian Revolt
, the
Athenians
burnt down the city. Sardis remained under Persian domination
until it surrendered to
Alexander the Great
in 334 BC.

The early Lydian kingdom was very advanced in the industrial arts and Sardis
was the chief seat of its manufactures. The most important of these trades was
the manufacture and dyeing of delicate woolen stuffs and carpets. The stream
Pactolus

which flowed through the market-place “carried golden sands” in early antiquity,
which was in reality gold dust out of
Mount Tmolus
. It was during the reign of King
Croesus
that
the
metallurgists
of Sardis discovered the secret of separating
gold from
silver
, thereby
producing both metals of a purity never known before. This was an economic
revolution, for while gold nuggets panned or mined were used as currency, their
purity was always suspect and a hindrance to trade. Such nuggets or coinage were
naturally occurring alloys of gold and silver known as
electrum

and one could never know how much of it was gold and how much was silver. Sardis
now could mint nearly pure silver and gold coins, the value of which could
be—and was—trusted throughout the known world. This revolution made Sardis rich
and Croesus
‘
name synonymous with wealth itself. For this reason, Sardis is famed in history
as the place where modern
currency

was invented.

Disaster came to the great city under the reign of the emperor
Tiberius
,
when in
AD 17, Sardis was destroyed by an earthquake
, but it was rebuilt. It was one
of the great cities of western
Asia Minor
until the later
Byzantine
period.

Later, trade and the organization of commerce continued to be sources of
great wealth. After
Constantinople
became the capital of the East, a new road system grew up
connecting the provinces with the capital. Sardis then lay rather apart from the
great lines of communication and lost some of its importance. It still, however,
retained its titular supremacy and continued to be the seat of the
metropolitan bishop
of the province of Lydia, formed in AD 295. It was
enumerated as third, after
Ephesus
and
Smyrna
, in the
list of cities of the Thracesion
thema
given by
Constantine Porphyrogenitus
in the 10th century. However, over the next four
centuries it was in the shadow of the provinces of Magnesia-upon-Sipylum and
Philadelphia, which retained their importance in the region.

After 1071 the Hermus valley began to suffer from the inroads of the
Seljuk Turks
but the Byzantine general
John Doukas
reconquered the city in 1097, the successes of the general
Philokales in 1118 relieved the district from later Turkish pressure and the
ability of the Comneni
dynasty together with the gradual decay of the
Seljuk Sultanate of Rum
meant that it remained under Byzantine dominion.
When
Constantinople
was taken by the
Venetians
and Franks
in 1204 Sardis came under the rule of the Byzantine
Empire of Nicea
. However once the Byzantines retook Constantinople in 1261,
Sardis with the entire
Asia Minor
was neglected and the region eventually fell under the control of
Ghazi (Ghazw)
emirs, the
Cayster
valleys and a fort on the citadel of Sardis was handed over to them
by treaty in 1306. The city continued its decline until its capture (and
probable destruction) by the
Mongol
warlord Timur
in 1402.

Archaeological
expeditions

By the 19th century, Sardis was in ruins, showing construction chiefly of the
Roman period. Early excavators included the British explorer
George Dennis
, who uncovered an enormous marble head of
Faustina the Elder
, wife of the Roman Emperor
Antoninus Pius
. Found in the precinct of the Temple of
Artemis
, it
probably formed part of a pair of colossal statues devoted to the Imperial
couple. The 1.76 metre high head is now kept at the
British Museum
.^[4]
The first large scale archaeological expedition in Sardis was directed by a
Princeton University
team led by Howard Crosby Butler between years
1910–1914, unearthing a temple to
Artemis
, and
more than a thousand Lydian tombs. The excavation campaign was halted by
World War
I
, followed by the
Turkish War of Independence
, though it briefly resumed in 1922. Some
surviving artifacts from the Butler excavation were added to the collection of
the
Metropolitan Museum of Art
in
New York
.

A new expedition known as the Archaeological Exploration of Sardis was
founded in 1958 by G.M.A. Hanfmann, professor in the Dept. of Fine Arts at
Harvard University
, and by Henry Detweiler, dean of the Architecture School
at
Cornell University
. Hanfmann excavated widely in the city and the region,
excavating and restoring the major Roman bath-gymnasium complex, the synagogue,
late Roman houses and shops, a Lydian industrial area for processing electrum
into pure gold and silver, Lydian occupation areas, and tumulus tombs at Bin
Tepe. From 1976 until 2007, the excavation was directed by Crawford H.
Greenewalt, jr., professor in the Department of Classics at the
University of California, Berkeley
. Since 2008, the excavation has been
under the directorship of Nicholas Cahill, professor at the
University of Wisconsin–Madison
. The laws governing archaeological
expeditions in Turkey ensure that all archaeological artifacts remain in Turkey.
Some of the important finds from the site of Sardis are housed in the
Archaeological Museum of Manisa
, including Late Roman mosaics and sculpture,
a helmet from the mid-6th century BC, and pottery from various periods.

Sardis synagogue

 

Since 1958, both
Harvard
and
Cornell Universities
have sponsored annual archeological expeditions to
Sardis. These excavations unearthed perhaps the most impressive synagogue in the
western diaspora yet discovered from antiquity, yielding over eighty Greek and
seven Hebrew inscriptions as well as numerous mosaic floors. (For evidence in
the east, see
Dura Europos
in Syria
.) The discovery of the Sardis synagogue has reversed previous
assumptions about Judaism in the later Roman empire. Along with the discovery of
the godfearers
/theosebeis inscription from
Aphrodisias
, it provides indisputable evidence for the continued presence of
Jewish communities in Asia Minor and their integration into general Roman life
at a time when many scholars previously assumed that Christianity had eclipsed
Judaism.

The synagogue was a section of a large bath-gymnasium complex, that was in
use for about 450 – 500 years. In the beginning, middle of the 2nd century AD,
the rooms the synagogue is situated in were used as changing rooms or resting
rooms.

Sardis and the Hebrew
Sepharad

may have been one and the same.